Aquaculture and the Environment, 2nd Edition

Acknowledgements.

1. Introduction.

2. Water Quality.

2.1 Aquaculture Farms.

2.2 Open Waters for Stock Building and Stock Enhancement.

3. Nature of Environmental Impacts.

3.1 Conflicts with Other Uses.

3.2 Sedimentation and Obstruction of Water Flows.

3.3 Effluent Discharges.

3.4 Hypernutrification and Eutrophication.

3.5 Chemical Residues.

3.6 Other Effects.

4. Extent of Environmental Impacts.

4.1 Quantification of Effluent Discharges.

4.2 Assessment of Pollutive Effects.

5. Siting and Design of farms.

5.1 Restrictions on the Use of Potential Sites.

5.2 Basic Data for Site Selection.

5.3 Siting Farms on Marshes and Mangroves.

5.4 Selection of Water Bodies and Stocks to be Enhanced.

5.5 Farm Design.

6. Use of Natural Resources.

6.1 Sources and Utilization of Land Water Resources.

6.2 Use of Animal Wastes.

6.3 Use of Sewage.

6.4 Use of Heated-water Effluents.

6.5 Recycling of Water.

6.6 Use of Trophic Levels in Aquaculture.

7. Waste Production in Aquaculture.

7.1 Feed-derived and Metabolic Waste Products.

7.2 Wastes from Food and Feedstuffs.

7.3 Feed Loss.

7.4 Methods of Measuring Waste Production.

7.5 Fertilizer-derived wastes.

7.6 Residues of Biocides and Biostats.

7.7 Algal Blooms.

7.8 Bacterial Communities.

8. Pattern and Effect of Waste Discharges.

8.1 The Nature of Waste Discharges.

8.2 Polyculture.

9. Introduction of Exotics and Escape of Farmed Species.

9.1 Species Diversity.

9.2 Ecological Effects of Introductions.

9.3 Transmission of Diseases.

9.4 Control of Introductions.

9.5 Genetic Dilution due to Escape of Farmed Animals.

9.6 Guidelines for Management of Movement of Live Aquatic Animals.

10. Pathogens in the Aquatic Environment.

10.1 Occurrence of Pathogens.

10.2 Environmental Causes of Disease.

10.3 Controlling the Spread of Communicable Diseases.

11. Birds and Mammals in Aquaculture.

11.1 Breeding Programmes and Genetically Modified Food Products.

11.2 Effect of Aquaculture on Birds.

11.3 Effect of Aquaculture on Predatory Mammals.

12. Safety of Aquaculture Products.

12.1 Breeding Programmes and Genetically Modified Food Products.

12.2 Environmental Contaminants.

12.3 Contamination by Trace Metals.

12.4 Contamination by Organochlorines.

12.5 Microbial Contamination of Shellfish.

12.6 Contamination of Fish in Waste-water Ponds.

12.7 Contamination by Algal Toxins.

13. Sustainability of Aquaculture.

13.1 Definition of Sustainability.

13.2 Economic Sustainability.

13.3 Environmental Sustainability.

13.4 Social Aspects of Sustainability.

13.5 Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture.

14. Economics and Environmental Impact Assessments.

14.1 Development Planning and Public Information.

14.2 Aquaculture Development Zones.

14.3 Environmental Impact Assessment.

15. Mitigation of Adverse Effects.

15.1 Land and Water Use.

15.2 Culture Practices.

15.3 Waste Treatment.

16. Research and Regulation.

16.1 Modelling the Environment.

16.2 Regulatory Measures.

References and Further Reading.

Index