e-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers of Multimedia Learning, 2nd Edition

Introduction.

1. e-Learning: Promise and Pitfalls.

The e-Learning Bandwagon.

What Is e-Learning?.

Self-Study vs. Virtual Classroom e-Learning.

e-Learning Development Process.

Two Types of e-Learning Goals: Inform and Perform.

Is e-Learning Better? Media Comparison Research.

What Makes e-Learning Unique?

e-Learning: The Pitfalls.

What Is Good e-Courseware?

Learning in e-Learning.

2. How Do People Learn from e-Courses.

How Do People Learn?

How Do e-Lessons Affect Human Learning?

What Is Good Research?

How Can You Identify Relevant Research?

How Do You Interpret Research Statistics?

What We Don't Know About Learning.

3. Applying the Multimedia Principle: Use Words and Graphics, Rather Than Words Alone.

Do Visuals Make a Difference?

Multimedia Principle: Include Both Words and Graphics.

Some Ways to Use Graphics to Promote Learning.

Psychological Reasons for the Multimedia Principle.

Evidence for Using Words and Pictures.

The Multimedia Principle Works Best for Novices.

Should You Change Static Illustrations into Animations?

What We Don't Know About Visuals.

4. Applying the Contiguity Principle: Align Words to Corresponding Graphics.

Contiguity Principle 1: Place Printed Words Near Corresponding Graphics.

Contiguity Principle 2: Synchronize Spoken Words with Corresponding Graphics.

Psychological Reasons for the Contiguity Principle.

Evidence for Presenting Printed Words Near Corresponding Graphics.

Evidence for Presenting Spoken Words at the Same Time as Corresponding Graphics.

What We Don't Know About Contingency.

5. Applying the Modality Principle: Present Words as Audio Narration, Rather Than On-Screen Text.

Modality Principle: Present Words as Speech Rather Than On-Screen Text.

Limitations to the Modality Principle.

Psychological Reasons for the Modality Principle.

Evidence for Using Spoken Rather Than Printed Text.

When the Modality Principle Applies.

What We Don't Know About Modality.

6. Applying the Redundancy Principle: Explain Visuals with Words in Audio or Text: Not Both.

Redundancy Principle 1: Do Not Add On-Screen Text to Narrated Graphics.

Psychological Reasons for the Redundancy Principle.

Evidence for Omitting Redundant On-Screen Text.

Redundancy Principle 2: Consider Adding On-Screen Text to Narration in Special Situations.

Psychological Reasons for Exceptions to Redundancy Principle.

Evidence for Including Redundant On-Screen Text.

What We Don't Know About Redundancy.

7. Applying the Coherence Principle: Adding Interesting Material Can Hurt Learning.

Coherence Principle 1: Avoid e-Lessons with Extraneous Audio.

Psychological Reasons to Avoid Extraneous Audio in e-Learning.

Evidence for Omitting Extraneous Audio.

Coherence Principle 2: Avoid e-Lessons with Extraneous Graphics.

Psychological Reasons to Avoid Extraneous Graphics in e-Learning.

Evidence for Omitting Extraneous Graphics.

Coherence Principle 3: Avoid e-Lessons with Extraneous Words.

Psychological Reasons to Avoid Extraneous Words in e-Learning.

Evidence for Omitting Extraneous Words Added for Interest.

Evidence for Omitting Extraneous Words Added to Expand on Key Ideas.

Evidence for Omitting Extraneous Words Added for Technical Depth.

What We Don't Know About Coherence.

8. Applying the Personalization Principle: Use Conversational Style and Virtual Coaches.

Personalization Principle 1: Use Conversational Style Rather Than Formal Style.

Psychological Reasons for the Personalization Principle.

Evidence for Using Conversational Style.

Promote Personalization Through Voice Quality.

Promote Personalization Through Polite Speech.

Personalization Principle 2: Use Effective On-Screen Coaches to Promote Learning.

Personalization Principle 3: Make the Author Visible to Promote Learning.

Psychological Reasons for Using a Visible Author.

Evidence for the Visible Author.

What We Don't Know About Personalization.

9. Applying the Segmenting and Pretraining Principles: Managing Complexity by Breaking a Lesson into Parts.

Segmenting Principle: Break a Continuous Lesson into Bite-Size Segments.

Psychological Reasons for the Segmenting Principle.

Evidence for Breaking a Continuous Lesson into Bite-Size Chunks.

Pretraining Principle: Ensure that Learners Know the Names and Characteristics of Key Concepts.

Psychological Reasons for the Pretraining Principle.

Evidence for Providing Pretraining in Key Concepts.

What We Don't Know About Segmenting and Pretraining.

10. Leveraging Examples in e-Learning.

Worked Examples: Fuel for Learning.

How Worked Examples Work.

How to Leverage Worked Examples: Overview.

Worked Example Principle 1: Transition from Worked Examples to Problems via Fading.

Worked Example Principle 2: Promote Self-Explanations of Worked-Out Steps.

Worked Examples Principle 3: Supplement Worked Examples with Explanations.

Worked Examples Principle 4: Apply the Multimedia Principles to Examples.

Worked Examples Principle 5: Support Learning Transfer.

Design Guidelines for Near-Transfer Learning.

Design Guidelines for Far-Transfer Learning.

What We Don't Know About Worked Examples.

11. Does Practice Make Perfect?

What Is Practice in e-Learning?

The Paradox of Practice.

How to Leverage Practice: Overview.

Practice Principle 1: Mirror the Job.

Practice Principle 2: Provide Explanatory Feedback.

Practice Principle 3: Adapt Amount and Placement of Practice to Job Performance Requirements.

Practice Principle 4: Apply the Multimedia Principles.

Practice Principle 5: Transition from Examples to Practice Gradually.

What We Don't Know About Practice.

12. Learning Together Virtually.

What Is Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL).

Factors That Make a Difference: Overview.

Is Problem-Solving Learning Better with CSCL or Solo?.

Virtual vs. Face-to-Face Group Decisions.

Software Representations to Support Collaborative Work.

Group Roles and Assignments in CSCL.

Team-Building Skills and CSCL Outcomes.

Collaborative Structures and CSCL.

Collaborative Group Structures.

CSCL: The Bottom line.

13. Who's in Control? Guidelines for e-Learning Navigation.

Learner Control Versus Program Control.

Do Learners Make Good Instructional Decisions?.

Four Principles for Learner Control: Overview.

Learner Control Principle 1: Give Experienced Learners Control.

Learner Control Principle 2: Make Important Instructional Events the Default.

Learner Control Principle 4: Give Pacing Control.

Navigational Guidelines for Learner Control.

What We Don't Know About Learner Control.

14. e-Learning to Build Thinking Skills.

What Are Thinking Skills?.

Can Creativity Be Trained?.

Building Critical-Thinking Skills in the Workforce: Overview.

Thinking Skills Principle 1: Use Job-Specific Cases.

Psychological Reasons for Job-Specific Training.

Evidence for Job-Specific Problem-Solving Training.

Thinking Skills Principle 2: Make Thinking Processes Explicit.

Thinking Skills Principle 3: Define Job-specific Problem-Solving Processes.

Teaching Thinking Skills: The Bottom Line.

What We Don't Know About Teaching Thinking Skills.

15. Simulations and Games in e-Learning.

The Case for Simulations and Games.

Do Simulations and Games Teach?

Balancing Motivation and Learning.

Games and Simulations Principle 1: Match Game Types to Learning Goals.

Games and Simulations Principle 2: Make Learning Essential to Progress.

Features that Lead to Learning.

Games and Simulations Principle 3: Build in Guidance.

Games and Simulations Principle 4: Promote Reflection on Correct Answers.

Games and Simulations Principle 5: Manage Complexity.

What We Don't Know About Games and Simulations.

16. Applying the Guidelines.

Applying Our Guidelines to Evaluate e-Courseware.

e-Lesson Reviews.

Asynchronous Samples One and Two: Design of Databases.

Synchronous Sample Three: Constructing Formulas in Excel.

Asynchronous Sample Four: Simulation Course for Commercial Bank Loan Analysis.

The Next Generation of e-Learning.

In Conclusion.

References.

Glossary.

List of Tables and Figures.

Name Index.

Subject Index. 

About the Authors.

How to Use the CD-ROM.

Pfeiffer Publication Guide.