Noise in High-Frequency Circuits and Oscillators

1 Mathematical and System-oriented Fundamentals.

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 hlathematical basics for the description of noise signals.

1.3 Transfer of noise signals by linear networks.

2 Noise of Linear One- and Two-Ports.

2.1 Noise of one-ports.

2.2 Noise of two-ports.

2.3 Noise figure of linear two-ports.

3 Measurement of Noise Parameters.

3.1 Measurement of noise power.

3.2 Measurement of the correlation function and the crossspectrum.

3.3 Illustrative interpretation of the correlation.

3.4 Measurement of the equivalent noise temperature of a one-port.

3.5 Special radiometer circuits.

3.6 Measurement of the noise figure.

3.7 Measurement of minimum noise figure and optimum source impedance.

3.8 De-embedding of the noise parameters.

3.9 Alternative determination of the noise temperature of a one-port.

4 Noise of Diodes and Transistors.

4.1 Shot noise.

4.2 Shot noise of Schottky diodes.

4.3 Shot noise of pn-diodes.

4.4 Noise of PIK diodes.

4.5 Noise equivalent circuits of bipolar transistors.

4.6 Noise of field effect transistors.

5 Parametric Circuits.

5.1 Parametric theory.

5.2 Down converters with Schottky diodes.

5.3 Mixer circuits.

5.4 Noise equivalent circuit of pumped Schottky diodes.

5.5 Noise figure of down-converters with Schottky diodes.

5.6 Mixers with field effect transistors.

5.7 Noise figure of down converters with field effect transistors.

5.8 Harmonic mixers.

5.9 Noise figure of harmonic mixers.

5.10 Noise figure measurements of down converters.

5.11 Noise figure of a parametric amplifier.

5.12 Up-converters with varactors.

6 Noise in Non-linear Circuits.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Problems with the noise characterization of non-linear two-ports.

6.3 l/f-noise.

6.4 Amplitude and phase noise.

6.5 Normalized single sideband noise power density.

6.6 Amplitude and phase noise of amplifiers.

6.7 Transformation of amplitude and phase noise in linear two-ports.

6.8 Amplitude and phase noise in non-linear two-ports.

6.9 Measurement of the phase noise.

7 Noise in Oscillators.

7.1 Two-port and one-port oscillators.

7.2 Oscillation condition.

7.3 Noise analysis.

7.4 Stability condition.

7.5 Examples.

7.5.1 Two-port oscillator with transmission resonator.

7.5.2 One-port oscillator with a series resonator.

7.5.3 Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO).

7.6 Noise in phase-locked loop circuits.

7.7 Measurement of the oscillator noise.

7.7.1 Amplitude noise.

7.7.2 Phase noise.

7.7.3 Injection locking.

7.8 Disturbing effects of oscillator noise.

7.8.1 Heterodyne reception.

7.8.2 Sensitivity of a spectrum analyzer.

7.8.3 Distance measurements.

7.8.4 Velocity measurements.

7.8.5 Transmission of information by a frequency or.

phase modulated carrier signal.

7.8.6 Measurement system for the microwave gas spectroscopy.

8 Quantization Noise.

8.1 Quantization noise of analog-to-digital converters.

8.2 Quantization noise of fractional divider phase locked loops.

8.2.1 Application of the Sigma-Delta modulation.

8.2.2 Multiple integration.

8.2.3 Identity of the cascade and the chain circuit.

8.2.4 Chain circuit with weighting coefficients.

8.2.5 Transient behavior of a fractional logic circuit.

8.2.6 Fractional divider without a PLL.

Appendix A Solutions to the problems of Chapter 1.

Appendix B Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 2.

Appendix C Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 3.

Appendix D Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 4.

Appendix E Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 5.

Appendix F Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 6.

Appendix G Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 7.

Appendix H Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 8.

References.

Index.