Chemical and Biological Microsensors: Applications in Fluid Media

Foreword xi

Chapter 1. General Features 1
Bernard MICHAUX

1.1. Definitions 1

1.2. Classification 6

1.3. Specific problems of chemical sensors 14

1.4. Advantages and drawbacks of chemical microsensors 21

1.5. Perspectives 22

1.6. Bibliography 23

Chapter 2. Chemical Sensors: Development and Industrial Requirements 25
Jacques FOULETIER and Pierre FABRY, based on discussions with Jacques FOMBON

2.1. Introduction 25

2.2. Modern research and development (R&D) management methods applied to sensors 26

2.3. Applications and inventory of the needs 33

2.4. New needs and industrial applications 37

2.5. The sensor in the measuring chain 39

2.6. Conclusions and prospects 43

2.7. Bibliography 43

Chapter 3. Sensitivity and Selectivity of Electrochemical Sensors 45
Pierre FABRY and Jean-Claude MOUTET, and translated by J.C. POIGNET and Pierre FABRY

3.1. General concepts 45

3.2. Models for the sensitivity and selectivity of potentiometric sensors 51

3.3. Case of amperometric sensors 64

3.4. Molecular recognition and sensors 68

3.5. Characterization methods 70

3.6. Bibliography 77

Chapter 4. Potentiometric Sensors (Ions and Dissolved Gases) 81
Annie PRADEL and Eric SAINT-AMAN

4.1. Introduction 81

4.2. Membranes 88

4.3. Current developments in potentiometric sensors 99

4.4. Bibliography 109

Chapter 5. Amperometric Sensors 115
Alain WALCARIUS, Chantal GONDRAN and Serge COSNIER

5.1. Sensors based upon chemically modified electrodes 115

5.2. Amperometric biosensors 138

5.3. Bibliography 160

Chapter 6. ISFET, BioFET Sensors 173
Nicole JAFFREZIC-RENAULT and Claude MARTELET, translated by Claude MARTELET

6.1. Structure of ISFET sensors 173

6.2. Techniques used for ISFET fabrication and operation 180

6.3. ISFET membranes 183

6.4. Detection of molecular species 187

6.5. BioFETs 193

6.6. Commercial devices 197

6.7. Conclusion and perspectives 201

6.8. Bibliography 202

Chapter 7. Biosensors and Chemical Sensors Based Upon Guided Optics 209
Jean-Pierre GOURE and Loïc BLUM

7.1. Introduction 209

7.2. Definitions  210

7.3. Principles of optical microsensors 213

7.4. Optical fiber biosensors 220

7.5. Perspectives and conclusions 229

7.6. Bibliography 229

Chapter 8. Sensors and Voltammetric Probes for In Situ Monitoring of Trace Elements in Aquatic Media 233
Marie-Louise TERCIER-WAEBER and Jacques BUFFLE

8.1. Introduction 233

8.2. Basic principles of the voltammetric techniques and of their applications to analysis of water 235

8.3. Voltammetric techniques used for the analysis of trace elements in waters 244

8.4. Development of reliable submersible voltammetric probes 247

8.5. Submersible voltammetric probes reported in the literature 264

8.6. Conclusion 273

8.7. Bibliography 275

Chapter 9. Chemometrics 287
Philippe BREUIL

9.1. Introduction 287

9.2. A particular case: the linear case 290

9.3. Least squares methods: non-linear case 302

9.4. Neural networks 303

9.5. Conclusion 305

9.6. Bibliography 306

Chapter 10. Impedancemetric Sensors 307
Jacques FOULETIER and Pierre FABRY

10.1. Introduction 307

10.2. Fields of application 307

10.3. Conductivity of liquid media 310

10.4. Impedance of first kind cell (direct measurement) 313

10.5. Cell configurations and sources of error 317

10.6. Second kind cells 326

10.7. Summary of practical precautions 328

10.8. Bibliography 329

List of Authors 331

Index 335