Vital Notes for Nurses: Principles of Care

About the authors ix

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xii

Section 1 Principles of Health and Illness

1 Concepts of Health 3

Introduction 3

Health and illness 3

Models of health behaviour 8

Responses to illness or the threat of illness 11

References 13

2 Behaviour in Health and Illness 15

Introduction 15

Health behaviour 16

Illness behaviour 16

Psychological perspectives 19

Cultural perspectives 21

Behaviour and beliefs in health and illness 23

References 25

3 Nursing Theories and Nursing Models 27

Introduction 27

Nursing theory 28

Nursing models 32

Nursing theorists 33

References 38

4 Principles of the Nursing Process 40

Introduction 40

Stages of the nursing process 41

The nursing process and nursing models 48

References 55

Section 2 Principles of Nursing Practice

5 Essence of Care and Individualised Nursing 59

Introduction 59

Essence of Care 59

Benchmarking 61

The organisation of nursing care 64

References 69

6 Principles of Communication 72

Introduction 72

Patient participation 73

Communication 74

Securing consent 79

Ethics 82

Patient advocacy 82

References 83

7 Developing Therapeutic Relationships 85

Introduction 85

Therapeutic relationships 86

Challenges 91

Counselling 92

Defence mechanisms 93

References 94

8 Patient Education and Health Promotion 96

Introduction 96

Patient education 96

Health promotion 100

References 104

Section 3 Principles of Health Care Delivery

9 Multi-disciplinary Working 109

Introduction 109

Multi-disciplinary working 109

Integrated care pathways 113

Patient journey 116

References 118

10 Decision Making 120

Introduction 120

What is decision making? 121

Decision making in nursing 122

Risks in decision making 122

Decision making theory 123

Factors affecting decision making in practice 127

References 130

11 Evidence-based Practice 133

Introduction 133

What is evidence-based practice? 134

Definitions of evidence-based practice 134

Why should practice be evidence-based? 135

What is evidence? 136

Finding–appraising–applying evidence 140

Barriers to achieving evidence-based practice in nursing 146

Resources to aid the implementation of evidence-based practice 147

Evaluating a change to practice 148

References 149

12 Environments of Care 151

Introduction 151

The need for changes to service delivery in health care 152

Environments of care 153

User involvement in health care 155

Patient choice 157

References 159

Section 4 Principles of Professional Issues

13 Modernisation and Role Development 165

Introduction 165

Modernisation 165

New initiatives 168

New roles and new skills for nurses 171

Regulation 177

References 178

14 Frameworks for Best Practice 180

Introduction 180

Clinical governance 181

Models of clinical governance 182

Implementing clinical governance 187

Support for the implementation of clinical governance 190

The cyclical nature of clinical governance: measuring performance 193

References 195

15 Practice Development and Clinical Effectiveness 198

Introduction 198

Change 199

Change theory 200

Practice development and clinical effectiveness 201

Practice development 201

Clinical effectiveness 206

Outcomes 209

References 210

16 Scope of Professional Practice 212

Introduction 212

The development of the nursing profession 213

Scope of practice and professional standards 214

Knowledge for practice 216

Professional regulation 222

The future 225

References 226

Index 230