Wastewater Pathogens

PREFACE ix

PART I OVERVIEW 1

1. Introduction 3

2. History 7

3. Hazards 11

4. Classification of Organisms 17

PART II VIRUSES, BACTERIA, AND FUNGI 21

5. Viruses 23

6. Hepatitis Virus Group 31

7. HIV 39

8. West Nile Virus 45

9. Bacteria 53

10. Leptospira interrogans 67

11. Fungi 69

PART III PROTOZOANS AND HELMINTHS 73

12. Introduction to Parasitic Protozoans and Helminths 75

13. Protozoans 79

14. Helminths 85

PART IV ECTOPARASITES AND RODENTS 97

15. Ectoparasites 99

16. Rodents and Rodent Control 103

PART V AEROSOLS, FOAM, AND SLUDGE 111

17. Aerosols and Foam 113

18. Sludge 117

PART VI DISEASE TRANSMISSION AND THE BODY’S DEFENSES 123

19. Disease Transmission 125

20. The Body’s Defenses 129

PART VII REMOVAL, INACTIVATION, AND DESTRUCTION OF PATHOGENS 135

21. Removal, Inactivation, and Destruction of Pathogens 137

22. Disinfection 141

23. Coliform Bacteria and Indicator Organisms 145

PART VIII HYGIENE MEASURES, PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT, AND IMMUNIZATIONS 149

24. Hygiene Measures and Protective Equipment 151

25. Immunizations 159

REFERENCES 163

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 167

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND ELEMENTS 169

GLOSSARY 171

INDEX 177