Visualizing Human Biology Lab Manual

Preface v

Lab 1 Using the Scientific Method in Everyday Life 1-1

Exercise 1.1 Testing the Chemical Content of Different Water Samples 1-4

Exercise 1.2 Comparing the Taste and Smell of Different Water Samples 1-6

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 1.3 Testing the Effectiveness of Hand Washing 1-9

Lab 2 Observing Cells with Light Microscopy 2-1

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 2.1 Observing Skin with Light Microscopy 2-8

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 2.2 Observing Hair with Light Microscopy 2-12

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 2.3 Observing Cheek Cells through a Compound Microscope 2-15

Exercise 2.4 Observing Prepared Tissue Slides 2-18

Lab 3 Observing Body Tissues 3-1

Exercise 3.1 Identifying Epithelial Tissue on Microscope Slides 3-4

Exercise 3.2 Identifying Muscle Tissue on Microscope Slides 3-8

Exercise 3.3 Identifying Nervous Tissue on Microscope Slides 3-11

Exercise 3.4 Identifying Connective Tissue on Microscope Slides 3-12

Lab 4 The Chemistry of Life 4-1

Exercise 4.1 Testing for Reducing Sugars with Benedict’s Reagant 4-5

Exercise 4.2 Testing for Starch with Iodine Reagent 4-7

Exercise 4.3 Testing for Proteins with Biuret Reagent 4-8

Exercise 4.4 Testing for Lipids with the Sudan IV Test 4-9

Exercise 4.5 Testing for DNA with the Dische Diphenylamine Test 4-11

Lab 5 The Digestive System 5-1

Exercise 5.1 Gross Anatomy of the Digestive System 5-2

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 5.2 Determining the Specificity of Lactase 5-7

Exercise 5.3 Effects of pH on Trypsin Activity 5-10

Exercise 5.4 Effects of Temperature on Amylase Activity 5-13

Exercise 5.5 Effects of Bile on Lipase Activity 5-15

Exercise 5.6 Disorders of the Digestive System 5-18

Lab 6 The Cardiovascular System 6-1

Exercise 6.1 Characteristics of a Normal Blood Smear 6-3

Exercise 6.2 Blood Disorders 6-3

Exercise 6.3 Gross Anatomy of the Heart 6-9

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 6.4 Listening to Your Heartbeat 6-12

Exercise 6.5 Determining Pulse Rate 6-15

Exercise 6.6 Tracing Blood Flow through the Cardiovascular System 6-19

Exercise 6.7 Identifying Arteries and Veins on a Microscope Slide 6-22

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 6.8 Determining Your Blood Pressure 6-25

Exercise 6.9 Disorders of the Cardiovascular System 6-27

Lab 7 The Respiratory System 7-1

Exercise 7.1 Gross Anatomy of the Respiratory System 7-2

Exercise 7.2 Histology of the Respiratory System 7-7

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 7.3 Listening to Lung Sounds 7-9

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 7.4 Visualizing the Effects of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide on pH 7-11

Exercise 7.5 Measuring Respiratory Volumes with Spirometry 7-16

Exercise 7.6 Disorders of the Respiratory System 7-17

Lab 8 The Urinary System 8-1

Exercise 8.1 Gross Anatomy of the Urinary System 8-3

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 8.2 Filtering Blood through a Semipermeable Membrane 8-8

Exercise 8.3 Histology of the Urinary System 8-14

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 8.4 Urinalysis 8-17

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 8.4A Performing Urinalysis on Your Own Urine Sample 8-17

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 8.4B Performing Urinalysis on Simulated Urine Sample 8-19

Exercise 8.5 Urological Disorders 8-21

Lab 9 The Reproductive System 9-1

Exercise 9.1 Gross Anatomy of the Reproductive System 9-4

Exercise 9.2 Histology of the Reproductive System 9-11

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 9.3 Observing Sperm Motility 9-17

Exercise 9.4 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 9-24

Lab 10 The Nervous System 10-1

Exercise 10.1 Histology of Nervous Tissue 10-4

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 10.2 Nerve Conduction in the Human Body 10-5

Exercise 10.3 Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System 10-12

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 10.4 Effects of Caffeine on the Human Body 10-18

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 10.5 Testing Your Reflexes 10-24

Exercise 10.6 Disorders of the Nervous System 10-27

Lab 11 The Special Senses 11-1

Exercise 11.1 Testing the Relationship between Taste and Smell 11-3

Exercise 11.2 The Two-Point Discrimination Test 11-6

Exercise 11.3 Ear Anatomy 11-11

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 11.4 Examining the Ears with an Otoscope 11-13

Exercise 11.5 Sound Localization 11-18

Exercise 11.6 Eye Anatomy 11-23

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 11.7 Examining the Eyes with an Ophthalmoscope 11-25

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 11.8 Near-Point Accommodation Test 11-28

Lab 12 The Skeletal System 12-1

Exercise 12.1 Histology of Skeletal Tissues 12-4

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 12.2 Testing the Effects of Chemicals on Bone Strength 12-11

Exercise 12.3 Gross Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton 12-19

Exercise 12.3A Identifying Bones in the Skull 12-20

Exercise 12.3B Identifying Vertebrae 12-22

Exercise 12.3C Identifying Bones in the Ribcage 12-23

Exercise 12.4 Gross Anatomy of the Appendicular Skeleton 12-26

Exercise 12.4A Identifying Bones in the Pectoral Girdles and Upper Limbs 12-28

Exercise 12.4B Identifying Bones in the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs 12-30

Exercise 12.5 Identifying Bone Fractures on X-Rays 12-36

Lab 13 The Muscular System 13-1

Exercise 13.1 Histology of Skeletal Muscles 13-4

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 13.2 Observing Muscle Contraction 13-8

Exercise 13.3 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System 13-20

Exercise 13.4 Disorders of the Muscular System 13-26

Lab 14 Human Genetics 14-1

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 14.1 Extracting DNA from Cheek Cells 14-3

Exercise 14.2 Examining Chromosomes on a Microscope Slide 14-5

Exercise 14.3 Examining Traits with Simple Inheritance Patterns 14-7

Exercise 14.4 Identifying Different Modes of Inheritance 14-10

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 14.5 Blood Typing 14-12

Exercise 14.6 Two Sides of the Story: Living with a Chromosomal Abnormality and Diagnosing a Chromosomal Abnormality 14-18

Lab 15 DNA Fingerprinting 15-1

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 15.1 Pouring an Agarose Gel 15-5

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 15.2 Gel Electrophoresis 15-6

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 15.3 Staining an Agarose Gel 15-10

Exercise 15.4 Analyzing DNA Fingerprints 15-12

Lab 16 Cancer 16-1

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 16.1 Performing an Invasion Assay 16-3

Exercise 16.2 Evaluating Tissue Biopsies 16-15

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 16.3 Identifying Mutagens with the Ames Test 16-21

Lab 17 Microorganisms and the Human Body 17-1

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 17.1 Detecting Microorganisms in the Environment 17-4

Exercise 17.2 Identifying Bacteria in a Blood Smear 17-11

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 17.3 Observing Bacteria in Dental Plaque 17-12

Exercise 17.4 Classifying Bacteria Based on Shape, Arrangement, and Gram Stain Results 17-17

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 17.5 Observing Bacteria in Yogurt 17-22

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 17.6 Simulating the Transmission of an Infectious Disease 17-25

Exercise 17.7 Interpreting Results from the Kirby-Bauer Test 17-29

Lab 18 Evolution 18-1

Exercise 18.1 Comparing Hominid Skeletons 18-4

Exercise 18.2 Environmental Adaptations 18-9

Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 18.3 Evolution of a Bacterial Population 18-13

Exercise 18.4 Comparative Embryology 18-24

Line Art and Text Credits L-1

Photo Credits P-1