Engineering the Genetic Code: Expanding the Amino Acid Repertoire for the Design of Novel Proteins

INTRODUCTION
Classical Approaches for Protein Modification
Protein Total Synthesis
Basic Definitions and Taxonomy
HISTORY OF AN EXPANDED AMINO ACID REPERTOIRE
Cell-free Synthesis of Proteins
Noncanonical Amino Acids as Tools for Studying Metabolism
Genetic Code Engineering
BASIC FEATURES OF THE CELLULAR TRANSLATION APPARATUS
Ribosome-mediated Protein Synthesis
tRNAs and tRNA Synthetases
Translational Proofreading
Ribosomal Decoding, Codon Bias and Translational Fidelity
Context-dependent Recoding
Post-translational Modifications
GENETIC CODE ORGANISATION AND PROTEIN STRUCTURE
The Universal Genetic Code
Natural Variations in Codon Assignment
Codon Reassignment and Codon Ambiguity
REPROGRAMMING THE CELLULAR TRANSLATION MACHINERY
Enzyme Specificity and Code Interpretation
Reassigning Coding and Non-Coding Units
In vitro Chemical and Enzymatic tRNA Aminoacylation
Novel Codon-Anticodon Base Pairs
Stop Codon Takover
Suppression-Based Methods
Future Approaches
IMPLICATIONS AND INSIGHTS
Evolution of the Amino Acid Repertoire
Artificial Genetic Systems
De novo Design of Organisms
Chances and Risks
APPLICATIONS FOR REPROGRAMMED CELLULAR TRANSLATION
Genetically Encoded Protein Surface Diversity
Applications in Structural Biology
Atomic Mutations
Protein Folding, Stability and Design
Tailoring Protein Spectroscopy
Protein-based Sensors
Applications in Biomedicine
Noncanonical Amino Acids with Neurological Activity