Local Networks and the Internet: From Protocols to Interconnection

Chapter 1. Introduction 1

1.1. Why a network? 1

1.2. Network classification 2

1.3. Interconnection networks. 8

1.4. Examples of network utilization 10

1.5. The Internet network 11

1.6. Structure of this book 15

Chapter 2. Standardization and Wiring 19

2.1. The IEEE 802 committee 19

2.2. The standards 21

2.3. IEEE 802.1 addressing 27

2.4. Cabling rules 30

Chapter 3. Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 Protocols 37

3.1. History 37

3.2. Physical level 39

3.3. The fundamentals of CSMA/CD 45

3.4. Frame format 53

3.5. The 10BASE5 network 58

3.6. Devices for the 10BASE2 62

3.7. Twisted pair equipment 63

3.8. Fiber optics 79

3.9. Examples of Ethernet frames 87

3.10 Evolution of the Ethernet 92

Chapter 4. The LLC and SNAP Sublayers 95

4.1. Definition 95

4.2. LLC frames 97

4.3. Example 106

4.4. The SNAP layer 111

Chapter 5. Interconnection by Bridges: The Spanning Tree Algorithm 115

5.1. Introduction115

5.2. Transparent filtering bridges 116

5.3. Spanning tree algorithm 118

Chapter 6. Internet 131

6.1. The Internet players 131

Chapter 7. IP Protocols 143

7.1. Implementation of the TCP/IP protocols 143

7.2. Internet addressing 149

7.3. The IPv4 protocol (RFC 791, RFC 1122) 168

7.4. The ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) (RFC 792) 180

7.5. The IPv6 protocol 196

7.6. Tunnels 199

7.7. Configurations 202

7.8. Configuration of a Cisco router 204

7.9. IPv4 and multicast 207

Chapter 8. Level 4 Protocols: TCP, UDP and SCTP 213

8.1. Port notion 213

8.2. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) (RFC 793) 215

8.3. The three protocol phases 218

8.4. The options 227

8.5. Adaptation to the environment 230

8.6. TCP flow control 239

8.7. Study of TCP by simulations 252

8.8. Network consideration of TCP 263

8.9. The UDP (user datagram protocol) (RFC 768) 275

8.10. SCTP 283

Chapter 9. Address Resolution and Automatic Configuration Protocols 299

9.1. Introduction 299

9.2. The address resolution protocol (ARP) 300

9.3. Neighbor discovery in IPv6 308

9.4. Initialization and auto-configuration 309

9.5. The domain name server (DNS) (RFC 1034, RFC 1035) 333

Chapter 10. Routing Protocols 367

10.1. Routing tables 367

10.2. Equipment classification 368

10.3. Routing table configuration 369

10.4. Station or router? 373

10.5. High-speed router 374

10.6. Router classification 375

10.7. Routing protocols 376

10.8. Autonomous systems 376

Chapter 11. Internal Routing Protocols 381

11.1. The Distant Vector algorithm 381

11.2. Link State algorithm 396

11.3. The OSPF protocol 403

11.4. IS-IS 434

Chapter 12. External Routing Protocols 453

12.1. Path announcing 453

12.2. The interconnection points 461

12.3. The symmetry of routes 461

12.4. BGP (border gateway protocol) 462

12.5. Route selection rules 480

12.6. BGP traffic analysis 481

12.7. Reduction of oscillations 485

12.8. Routing limit in the Internet 486

Chapter 13. Virtual Local Networks 487

13.1. Definition 487

13.2. Multicast data management 488

13.3. Virtual networks 497

Chapter 14. MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) 507

14.1. Routing protocols’ limits 507

14.2. MPLS header format 510

14.3. Principles of operation 513

14.4. MPLS label D distribution protocols 518

14.5. Traffic engineering 525

Chapter 15. IP on Point-to-Point Links: PPP 529

15.1. Serial links 530

15.2. SLIP (Serial Link IP, RFC 1055) 533

15.3. PPP (point-to-point protocol, RFC 1661) 535

15.4. Configuration of routers 560

15.5. The RADIUS protocol 560

15.6. PPP over X.25 (RFC 1598) 561

15.7. PPP over high-speed networks 561

15.8. Bridging with PPP (RFC 1638) 561

15.9. ADSL network architecture 565

Chapter 16. Network Administration 571

16.1. Vocabulary and concepts 571

16.2. ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation) 574

16.3. Definition of the MIB SNMP (RFC 1213) 579

16.4. Format of SNMPvl messages (RFC 1157) 581

16.5. Formats of SNMPv2 messages (RFC 1905) 587

16.6. Examples of SNMPvl traffic 590

16.7. MIB example 594

16.8. Other MIBs 607

Chapter 17. Security 613

17.1. Risks 613

17.2. Filtering routers 614

17.3. Bastion 622

17.4. Proxy 623

17.5. NAT (Network Address Translator, RFC 1631) 624

Chapter 18. Flow Management 627

18.1. Quality of service 627

18.2. Flow notion 630

18.3. Flow management 631

18.4. Flow measurements 644

18.5. Integration of services on the Internet 648

18.6. Differentiated services 675

18.7. Perspectives 677

Bibliography 679

Index 681