Fatigue of Materials and Structures: Fundamentals

Foreword xiii

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fatigue: Fundamentals and Methodology 1
André PINEAU and Claude BATHIAS

1.1. Introduction to the fatigue of materials 1

1.2. Mechanisms of fatigue damage 10

1.3. Test systems 13

1.4. Structural design and fatigue 15

1.5. Fatigue of polymers, elastomers and composite materials 16

1.6. Conclusion 18

1.7. Bibliography 19

Chapter 2. Modeling of Fatigue Strength and Endurance Curve 23
Henri-Paul LIEURADE

2.1. Introduction 23

2.2. Nature and aspect of the scatter of fatigue test results 25

2.3. Determination of the endurance limit 27

2.4. Estimation methods of fatigue resistance and standard deviation with N cycles 27

2.5. Mathematical representations and plotting methods of the Wöhler curve 47

2.6. Estimation of the cycle number N for a given level of stress amplitude 55

2.7. Influence of mechanical parameters on endurance 59

2.8. Relationship between endurance and mechanical characteristics (of steels) 62

2.9. Bibliography 66

Chapter 3. Fatigue Crack Initiation 69
Paul RABBE and Louis ANQUEZ

3.1. Introduction 69

3.2. Physical mechanisms of crack initiation 70

3.3. Methods of evaluating crack initiation 81

3.4. Practical method of structure calculation 97

3.5. Bibliography 109

Chapter 4. Low-cycle Fatigue 113
André PINEAU

4.1. Introduction 113

4.2. Phenomenological description of low-cycle fatigue 122

4.3. Adaptation mechanism and cracking during low-cycle fatigue 134

4.4. Conclusion 172

4.5. Acknowledgements 172

4.6. Bibliography 173

Chapter 5. Gigacycle Fatigue 179
Claude BATHIAS

5.1. Introducing the real-life fatigue life of machines 179

5.2. Testing process 181

5.3. Systems of piezoelectric fatigue machines 188

5.4. SN curves above 107 cycles 190

5.5. Initiation mechanism under gigacycle fatigue 209

5.6. Assessing fatigue strength 219

5.7. Conclusion 226

5.8. Bibliography 226

Chapter 6. Fatigue Crack Growth Laws 231
Jacques MASOUNAVE, Jean-Paul BAÏLON and John-Ivan DICKSON

6.1. Introduction 231

6.2. Models describing crack propagation 232

6.3. Critical evaluation of the models 249

6.4. Future plans 258

6.5. Conclusion 260

6.6. Bibliography 261

Chapter 7. Short Crack Propagation 269
Yves VERREMAN

7.1. Introduction 269

7.2. Theoretical considerations showing the limits of LEFM 271

7.3. Experimental observations 275

7.4. Role of closure in the behavior of short cracks 285

7.5. Modeling of the behavior of short cracks 291

7.6. Conclusion 302

7.7. Acknowledgements 303

7.8. Bibliography 303

Chapter 8. Plastic Deformation Mechanisms at the Crack Tip 311
Claude BATHIAS

8.1. Introduction 311

8.2. Fatigue plastic deformation at the crack tip 312

8.3. Microfractographic aspects of the fatigue crack 323

8.4. Model based on displacement on crack tip opening 328

8.5. Cyclic stress hardening at the crack tip 331

8.6. Model based on the effective stress intensity factor 334

8.7. Conclusion 342

8.8. Bibliography 343

Chapter 9. Local Approach to Fatigue Crack Growth 347
Sylvie POMMIER

9.1. Introduction 347

9.2. Plasticity at the crack tip 348

9.3. Cyclic plasticity at the crack tip 355

9.4. Local approach to fatigue crack growth 366

9.5. Conclusion 372

9.6. Bibliography 373

Chapter 10. Corrosion Fatigue 377
Régis PELLOUX and Jean-Marc GENKIN

10.1. Introduction 377

10.2. Crack initiation 378

10.3. Short cracks 384

10.4. Long crack propagation 385

10.5. Conclusions 397

10.6. Bibliography 397

Chapter 11. Effect of Environment 401
Jean PETIT and Christine SARRAZIN-BAUDOUX

11.1. Introduction 401

11.2. Effect of environment on lifetime under high-cycle fatigue conditions 403

11.3. Influence of the environment on fatigue crack propagation 411

11.4. Conclusion 443

11.5. Bibliography 444

Chapter 12. Fatigue under Variable Amplitude Loadings 457
Thierry PALIN-LUC

12.1. Introduction 457

12.2. Variable amplitude loadings 460

12.3. Fatigue tests under variable amplitude loadings 478

12.4. Factors influencing the test results under variable amplitude loading 486

12.5. Fatigue lifetime assessment under variable amplitude loading 493

12.6. Conclusion 497

12.7. Bibliography 498

List of Authors 503

Index 505