A History of Literary Criticism: From Plato to the Present

Acknowledgments viii

Abbreviations of Frequently Cited Works ix

Introduction 1

Part I Ancient Greek Criticism 7

Classical Literary Criticism: Intellectual and Political Backgrounds 9

1 Plato (428–ca. 347 bc) 19

2 Aristotle (384–322 bc) 41

Part II The Traditions of Rhetoric 63

3 Greek Rhetoric 65
Protagoras, Gorgias, Antiphon, Lysias, Isocrates, Plato, Aristotle

4 The Hellenistic Period and Roman Rhetoric 80
Rhetorica, Cicero, Quintilian

Part III Greek and Latin Criticism During the Roman Empire 103

5 Horace (65–8 bc) 105

6 Longinus (First Century ad) 118

7 Neo-Platonism 129
Plotinus, Macrobius, Boethius

Part IV The Medieval Era 149

8 The Early Middle Ages 151

St. Augustine

9 The Later Middle Ages 166
Hugh of St. Victor, John of Salisbury, Dante Alighieri, Geoffrey de Vinsauf, Ibn Rushd (Averroës), St. Thomas Aquinas

10 Transitions: Medieval Humanism 215
Giovanni Boccaccio, Christine de Pisan

Part V The Early Modern Period to the Enlightenment 227

11 The Early Modern Period 229
Giambattista Giraldi, Lodovico Castelvetro, Giacopo Mazzoni, Torquato Tasso, Joachim Du Bellay, Pierre de Ronsard, Sir Philip Sidney, George Gascoigne, George Puttenham

12 Neoclassical Literary Criticism 273
Pierre Corneille, Nicolas Boileau, John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Aphra Behn, Samuel Johnson

13 The Enlightenment 311
John Locke, Joseph Addison, Giambattista Vico, David Hume, Edmund Burke, Mary Wollstonecraft

Part VI The Earlier Nineteenth Century and Romanticism 347

Introduction to the Modern Period 349

14 The Kantian System and Kant’s Aesthetics 357

15 G. W. F. Hegel (1770–1831) 382

16 Romanticism (I): Germany and France 408
Friedrich von Schiller, Friedrich Schleiermacher, Germaine de Staël

17 Romanticism (II): England and America 428
William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe

Part VII The Later Nineteenth Century 467

18 Realism and Naturalism 469
George Eliot, Émile Zola, William Dean Howells, Henry James

19 Symbolism and Aestheticism 489
Charles Baudelaire, Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde

20 The Heterological Thinkers 502
Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson, Matthew Arnold

21 Marxism 527
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, György Lukács, Terry Eagleton

Part VIII The Twentieth Century 555

The Twentieth Century: Backgrounds and Perspectives 557

22 Psychoanalytic Criticism 571
Freud and Lacan

23 Formalisms 602
Victor Shklovsky, Boris Eichenbaum, Mikhail Bakhtin, Roman Jakobson, John Crowe Ransom, William K. Wimsatt, Monroe C. Beardsley, T. S. Eliot

24 Structuralism 631
Ferdinand de Saussure, Roland Barthes

25 Deconstruction 649
Jacques Derrida

26 Feminist Criticism 667
Virginia Woolf, Simone de Beauvoir, Elaine Showalter, Michèle Barrett, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous

27 Reader-Response and Reception Theory 708
Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Hans Robert Jauss, Wolfgang Iser, Stanley Fish

28 Postcolonial Criticism 737
Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Homi Bhabha, Henry Louis Gates, Jr.

29 New Historicism 760
Stephen Greenblatt, Michel Foucault

Epilogue 772

Selective Bibliography 777

Index 791