A Future for Criticism

Preface xi

1 Pleasure: Have we neglected it? 1

Fiction for pleasure 1

The case of tragedy 3

The English curriculum 6

Cries of joy 7

‘Aesthetic’ pleasure 9

The Pleasure of the Text 12

Modernist unpleasure 14

Gaiety 15

2 Piety: Haven’t we overdone it? 18

Criticism on the defensive 18

Classic defences 22

The advent of theory 24

Law 28

The superego 29

Neurosis 30

Complacency 31

Culture and Anarchy 32

Artefacts and pleasure 33

Critical writing 34

3 Biography: Friend or foe? 37

Life and art 37

Biography in theory 39

What the authors say 42

New Historicism 43

Shakespeare’s life 44

Fact or fiction? 46

Shakespeare’s memory 47

Romance 51

The death of the reader 52

4 Realism: Do we overrate it? 54

A disputed value 54

The default genre 55

Imitation 57

Insight 60

Totalization 62

Suspicion 63

Objections 64

The radical view 66

Recuperation 68

A counter-example 70

5 Culture: What do we mean by it? 72

Cultural criticism 72

Twin perils 75

Culture as meanings 76

Meanwhile, in Paris … 80

Anthropology 80

Another culture 83

Perils circumvented 85

Work to do 88

6 History: Do we do it justice? 90

Official usage 90

Cultural difference 91

History and criticism 93

Customary knowledge 94

Dissonance 97

An example 99

The old historicism 101

Criticism as cultural history 103

The uses of criticism 103

Critical skills 105

7 Desire: A force to reckon with 107

Pleasure revisited 107

Orpheus 108

Loss 109

The desire of the protagonist 111

Stand-ins 113

The desire of the reader 114

The desire of the text 116

Substitution 118

Pacification 119

Defiance 120

Breaking the rules 123

And so … 126

Criticism 126

Notes 128

Index 140