Medication Management in Care of Older People

Development of the National Service Framework (NSF) for older people.

Management of medicines.

The NHS Improvement Plan.

Building a safer NHS for patients; the role of medication safety.

Prescribing drugs.

Dispensing medicines.

Access to medicines- out of hours.

The administration of drugs.

Helping patients and carers to safely self administer medicines at home or in care homes.

Community Matrons and the management of medicines.

Patient case study.

Chapter 2: The Physiology of Human Ageing.

Homeostasis and ageing.

Ageing and the cardiovascular system.

Changes to the vascular system.

Changes to cardiac tissue.

Changes to cardiovascular function and control.

Changes to cardiovascular cells.

Implications for practice.

Hepatic ageing.

Changes to hepatic tissue.

Changes to hepatic cells.

Changes to hepatic molecular biology.

Implications for practice.

Renal ageing.

Changes to tubular function.

Implications for practice.

Ageing and the immune system.

Changes to organs and tissues.

Changes to immune cells.

Changes to immune molecules.

Ageing and the inflammatory response.

Chapter 3: The Application of Applied Pharmacology to the Older Person.

Drug absorption.

Factors that alter the absorption of drugs.

Drug distribution.

Drug metabolism.

Factors affecting drug metabolism.

Drug excretion.

Biliary excretion.

Pharmacodynamics.

Receptor agonism.

Pharmacodynamics and the effects of ageing.

Chapter 4: Medication Management and the Older Person.

Medication review and the older person.

Medication review structure.

The Single Assessment Process.

Trigger questions.

Care plans.

Health care professional involvement.

Prescribing practice.

Principles of prescribing for the older person.

Rational prescribing and prescribing support.

Conclusions.

Implications for practice.

Chapter 5: Medication Errors and the Older Person.

Introduction.

The extent of the problem.

The UK perspective.

The potential dangers of medication errors.

Definitions of medication error.

Classification of medication errors.

Causes of medication error.

Forms of medication error.

Medication errors that arise due to the supply and administration of medicines.

Factors contributing to the development of medication errors.

The nurse prescriber’s role in the prevention of medication errors.

Prescription writing education.

Preventative measures involving prescriptions.

Computerised prescribing systems.

Conclusions.

Implications for practice.

Chapter 6: Concordance with Medication and Older People.

Introduction.

Difficulties establishing a rationale.

Characteristics of the non-concordant individual.

Psychological theory.

Medication related issues that underpin non-concordance.

i. Polypharmacy and complicated medication regimens.

ii. Lack of education.

iii.Patient comprehension of the need to adhere to prescribed medication.

administration protocols.

Promoting concordance with medication regimens.

Patient self-medication schemes.

The prescriber’s role in the augmentation of concordance with medication for.

older people.

The art of teaching.

Teaching practicalities.

Reinforcing education.

Barriers to teaching.

Time management difficulties.

Planning early discharge.

Comprehension of applied pharmacology and therapeutics.

Conclusions.

Implications for practice.

Chapter 7: Neurophysiology, and Neuropathology of Ageing.

Introduction.

In search of a nerve cell.

Neurochemicals and synaptic transmission.

Major neurotransmitters in the brain.

The dynamic neurone, plasticity and memory.

Changes in neuronal activity and communication in the ageing brain.

What causes cellular damage with ageing.

Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease.

Pharmacological strategies.

Neuropathology of Parkinson’s disease.

Pharmacological approach in the treatment of PD.

Conclusions.

Implications for practice.

Chapter 8: The Management of the Older Person with a Long-term Condition.

Introduction.

Government policy and long-term conditions.

The NHS Improvement Plan.

The evolvement of the community matron.

The education and training of the community matron.

Case finding and case management.

Interprofessional working.

Lay carer’s role.

The future management of older people with long-term conditions.

Conclusions.

Implications for practice.

Chapter 9: The Community Pharmacist’s Role in the Management of Older People and their Medicines.

Introduction.

Education and training Community pharmacy contractual framework.

Repeat dispensing.

Medicine Use Reviews (MUR’s).

Medication Review.

Services to residential homes Swallowing difficulties Domiciliary visiting schemes.

Compliance aids.

Physical problems.

Prescribing support Multidisciplinary working.

Conclusions.

Implications for practice.