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An Illustrated Brief History of Western Philosophy, 2nd Edition

ISBN: 978-1-4051-4180-2
Hardcover
400 pages
August 2006, Wiley-Blackwell
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Government Price: US $62.68
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Preface x

List of Illustrations xiii

Acknowledgements xvi

I Philosophy in its Infancy 1

The Milesians 2

Xenophanes 5

Heraclitus 6

The School of Parmenides 9

Empedocles 14

The Atomists 17

II The Athens of Socrates 21

The Athenian Empire 21

Anaxagoras 23

The Sophists 24

Socrates 25

The Euthyphro 28

The Crito 31

The Phaedo 31

III The Philosophy of Plato 38

Life and Works 38

The Theory of Ideas 40

Plato’s Republic 44

The Theaetetus and the Sophist 54

IV The System of Aristotle 61

Plato’s Pupil, Alexander’s Teacher 61

The Foundation of Logic 63

The Theory of Drama 67

Moral Philosophy: Virtue and Happiness 68

Moral Philosophy: Wisdom and Understanding 72

Politics 75

Science and Explanation 77

Words and Things 80

Motion and Change 81

Soul, Sense, and Intellect 83

Metaphysics 86

V Greek Philosophy after Aristotle 91

The Hellenistic Era 91

Epicureanism 93

Stoicism 95

Scepticism 97

Rome and its Empire 99

Jesus of Nazareth 100

Christianity and Gnosticism 102

Neo-Platonism 106

VI Early Christian Philosophy 109

Arianism and Orthodoxy 109

The Theology of Incarnation 112

The Life of Augustine 114

The City of God and the Mystery of Grace 117

Boethius and Philoponus 120

VII Early Medieval Philosophy 125

John the Scot 125

Alkindi and Avicenna 128

The Feudal System 130

Saint Anselm 131

Abelard and Héloïse 133

Abelard’s Logic 135

Abelard’s Ethics 137

Averroes 139

Maimonides 140

VIII Philosophy in the Thirteenth Century 144

An Age of Innovation 144

Saint Bonaventure 147

Thirteenth-Century Logic 149

Aquinas’ Life and Works 150

Aquinas’ Natural Theology 152

Matter, Form, Substance, and Accident 154

Aquinas on Essence and Existence 156

Aquinas’ Philosophy of Mind 157

Aquinas’ Moral Philosophy 159

IX Oxford Philosophers 164

The Fourteenth-Century University 164

Duns Scotus 165

Ockham’s Logic of Language 172

Ockham’s Political Theory 174

The Oxford Calculators 177

John Wyclif 178

X Renaissance Philosophy 182

The Renaissance 182

Free-will: Rome vs. Louvain 183

Renaissance Platonism 186

Machiavelli 188

More’s Utopia 190

The Reformation 193

Post-Reformation Philosophy 197

Bruno and Galileo 199

Francis Bacon 201

XI The Age of Descartes 206

The Wars of Religion 206

The Life of Descartes 207

The Doubt and the Cogito 210

The Essence of Mind 212

God, Mind, and Body 214

The Material World 217

XII English Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century 221

The Empiricism of Thomas Hobbes 221

Hobbes’ Political Philosophy 223

The Political Theory of John Locke 226

Locke on Ideas and Qualities 228

Substances and Persons 232

XIII Continental Philosophy in the Age of Louis XIV 237

Blaise Pascal 237

Spinoza and Malebranche 240

Leibniz 245

XIV British Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century 251

Berkeley 251

Hume’s Philosophy of Mind 256

Hume on Causation 260

Reid and Common Sense 263

XV The Enlightenment 266

The Philosophes 266

Rousseau 267

Revolution and Romanticism 271

XVI The Critical Philosophy of Kant 275

Kant’s Copernican Revolution 275

The Transcendental Aesthetic 278

The Transcendental Analytic: The Deduction of the

Categories 280

The Transcendental Analytic: The System of Principles 283

The Transcendental Dialectic: The Paralogisms of Pure Reason 286

The Transcendental Dialectic: The Antinomies of Pure Reason 289

The Transcendental Dialectic: The Critique of Natural Theology 291

Kant’s Moral Philosophy 295

XVII German Idealism and Materialism 298

Fichte 298

Hegel 299

Marx and the Young Hegelians 304

Capitalism and its Discontents 306

XVIII The Utilitarians 309

Jeremy Bentham 309

The Utilitarianism of J. S. Mill 314

Mill’s Logic 316

XIX Three Nineteenth-Century Philosophers 320

Schopenhauer 320

Kierkegaard 327

Nietzsche 329

XX Three Modern Masters 333

Charles Darwin 333

John Henry Newman 339

Sigmund Freud 343

XXI Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics 351

Frege’s Logic 351

Frege’s Logicism 353

Frege’s Philosophy of Logic 356

Russell’s Paradox 357

Russell’s Theory of Descriptions 359

Logical Analysis 362

XXII The Philosophy of Wittgenstein 365

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 365

Logical Positivism 368

Philosophical Investigations 370

Afterword 382

Suggestions for Further Reading 386

Index 392

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