A History of French Literature: From Chanson de geste to Cinema

Preface xxii

1 THE MIDDLE AGES 1

Introduction 1

Hagiography 6

The chanson de geste 7

Lyric poetry to Rutebeuf 10

Romance 12

Comic realism 17

The literature of devotion, moral reflection and information 19

Learning and ideas 22

Theatre 23

Later lyric poetry 25

Fifteenth-century ‘modernism’ 26

Conclusion 30

2 THE RENAISSANCE 32

The Age of François I 32

The Generation of the Pléiade 50

Literature during the Wars of Religion 65

3 THE CLASSICAL AGE 79

Writers and Their Public 80

The Elaboration of the Classical Ideal 85

The Rise of Rationalism 90

Literature 96

The Crisis of Confidence 122

4 THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 131

Introduction 131

Writers and Their Public 133

The Rise of the ‘Philosophic’ Spirit 138

The Social Programme of the Enlightenment 145

Literature 160

Literature and the Revolution (1789–99) 194

5 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 198

Introduction 198

Writers and Their Public 199

Movements and Schools 206

Literature 232

6 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 298

Writers and Their Public 299

From Literary Doctrine to Critical Theory 307

The Rise of the Intellectual 316

Literature 339

7 BEYOND IMAGINATION, GENDER AND THE MÉTROPOLE 410

Biography 411

Autobiography 412

Women’s Writing 417

Gay Writing 424

Francophone Writing 426

8 BEYOND ‘LITERATURE’ 446

The Best-seller 447

French Humorous Writing 467

Regional Literature 482

The Roman Policier 503

9 BEYOND WORDS 518

The Roman-photo: Graphic Fiction 519

La Bande Dessinée 523

The Cinema 533

Conclusion 558

Bibliography 560

Index 566