An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt

List of Figures.

List of Maps.

Abbreviations of References Listed in Suggested Readings.

Preface.

Acknowledgements.

1. Egyptian Archaeology: Definitions and History.

1.1: Introduction: ancient Egyptian civilization and its prehistoric predecessors.

1.2: Egyptian archaeology.

1.3: Egyptology.

1.4: History of Egyptology and Egyptian archaeology.

1.5: Archaeological methods.

1.6: Archaeological theory.

1.7: Ancient Egypt and Egyptian archaeologists in fiction and films.

2. Hieroglyphs, Language and Pharaonic Chronology:.

2.1: Language of the ancient Egyptians.

2.2: Origins and development of Egyptian writing.

2.3: Scripts and media of writing.

2.4: Signs, structure, and grammar.

2.5: Literacy in ancient Egypt.

2.6: Textual studies.

2.7: Use of texts in Egyptian archaeology.

2.8: Historical outline of pharaonic Egypt.

2.9: The Egyptian civil calendar, king lists, and calculation of pharaonic chronology.

3. The Environmental Background to Pharaonic Civilization: Geography, Environment, Agriculture, and Natural Resources:.

3.1: Geography: terms and place names.

3.2: Environmental setting.

3.3: Environmental and other problems for archaeology in Egypt.

3.4: The seasons and agricultural system.

3.5: The ancient Egyptian diet.

3.6: Other useful plants and animals.

3.7: Building materials.

3.8: Other resources: clays, stones, minerals.

3.9: Imported materials.

4. Egyptian Prehistory: Paleolithic and Neolithic:.

Paleolithic.

4.1: Paleolithic cultures in Egypt.

4.2: Lower Paleolithic.

4.3: Middle Paleolithic.

4.4: Upper Paleolithic.

4.5: Late Paleolithic.

4.6: Epipaleolithic.

Neolithic.

4.7: Saharan Neolithic.

4.8: Neolithic in the Nile Valley: Faiyum A and Lower Egypt.

4.9: Neolithic in the Nile Valley: Middle and Upper Egypt.

5. The Rise of Complex Society and Early Civilization:.

Predynastic Egypt.

5.1: The Predynastic Period: Egypt in the 4th millennium BC.

5.2: Lower Egypt: Buto-Ma’adi culture.

5.3: Upper Egypt: Naqada culture.

5.4: Lower Nubia: A-Group culture.

5.5: State formation and unification.

The Early Dynastic State.

5.6: Organization and institutions of the Early Dynastic state.

5.7: Early writing and formal art.

5.8: The expanding state.

5.9: Who were the ancient Egyptians?.

6. The Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period:.

6.1: The Old Kingdom: overview.

The Early Old Kingdom.

6.2: The 3rd Dynasty: Djoser’s Step Pyramid at Saqqara.

6.3: The 4th Dynasty’s first king, Sneferu, and his three pyramids.

6.4: Khufu’s Great Pyramid at Giza.

6.5: The Great Sphinx and Khafra’s pyramid complex.

6.6: Menkaura’s Giza pyramid and its remarkable valley temple finds.

6.7: Giza pyramid towns.

6.8: Giza mastabas, Queen Hetepheres’s hidden tomb, and the workmen’s cemetery.

The Later Old Kingdom.

6.9: Sun temples of the 5th Dynasty.

6.10: Later Old Kingdom pyramids and the Pyramid Texts.

6.11: An expanding bureaucracy: private tombs in the 5th and 6th Dynasties.

6.12: Egypt abroad.

The First Intermediate Period.

6.13: The end of the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period: causes of state collapse.

7. The Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period:.

The Middle Kingdom.

7.1: The Middle Kingdom: overview.

7.2: Pre-unification 11th Dynasty: saff tombs at Thebes.

7.3: Mentuhotep II’s complex at Deir el-Bahri.

7.4: Model workers and the Deir el-Bahri tomb of Meketra.

7.5: 12th-Dynasty temples.

7.6: 12th- and 13th-Dynasty pyramids.

7.7: Towns and domestic architecture: Kahun and South Abydos.

7.8: Nomarchs in Middle Egypt: the Beni Hasan tombs.

7.9: Mining in the Sinai and a galena mine in the Eastern Desert.

7.10: Egyptian forts in Nubia and indigenous peoples there.

The Second Intermediate Period.

7.11: Second Intermediate Period: the Hyksos kingdom in the north.

7.12: The Kerma kingdom in Upper Nubia.

7.13: The Theban state during the Second Intermediate Period.

8. The New Kingdom:.

8.1: The New Kingdom: overview.

The Early New Kingdom.

8.2: Early New Kingdom architecture: Ahmose’s Abydos pyramid complex, and the Theban mortuary temples of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III.

8.3: Amenhotep III’s Malkata palace.

8.4: Tell el-Amarna and the Amarna Period.

8.5: The Amarna aftermath and Tutankhamen’s tomb.

New Kingdom Temples.

8.6: Restoration of the traditional gods: Sety I’s Abydos temple.

8.7: The temples of Karnak and Luxor in the New Kingdom.

8.8: Ramessid mortuary temples.

Royal and Elite Tombs.

8.9: Royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens.

8.10: Elite tombs at Thebes and Saqqara.

State Towns and Settlements.

8.11: The workmen’s village and tombs at Deir el-Medina.

8.12: Nubian temple towns.

9. The Third Intermediate Period and Late Period:.

9.1: The Third Intermediate Period: overview.

9.2: The Late Period: overview.

9.3: Tanis: a new city with royal tombs.

9.4: Napata/Gebel Barkal and Sanam.

9.5: el-Kurru and Nuri: the Kushite royal tombs.

9.6: Saqqara: the Serapeum and animal cults.

9.7: Some high status tombs of the Third Intermediate Period and Late Period.

9.8: Tell el-Maskhuta and Tell el-Herr.

10. The Greco-Roman Period:.

Greco-Roman Egypt.

10.1: The Ptolemaic Period: overview.

10.2: The Roman Period: overview.

10.3: Alexandria.

10.4: Greco-Roman settlements in the Faiyum.

10.5: Two Greco-Roman temple complexes in Upper Egypt: Dendera and Philae.

Sites outside the Nile Valley.

10.6: The Western Desert: Bahariya and Dakhla Oases.

10.7: The Eastern Desert: Roman ports, forts, roads, and quarrying sites.

Nubia.

10.8: Qasr Ibrim.

10.9: Meroe: the Kushite capital and royal cemeteries.

11. The Study of Ancient Egypt.

Glossary of Terms.

Suggested Readings.

Appendix: Additional Readings in French, German, and Italian.

Chapter Summaries and Discussion Questions.

Index