Physical Processes in Earth and Environmental Sciences

Acknowledgments.

1. Planet Earth and Earth Systems.

1.1 Comparative Planetology.

1.2 Unique Earth.

1.3 Earth Systems Snapshots.

1.4 Measuring Earth.

1.5 Whole Earth.

1.6 Subtle Interactive Earth.

Further reading.

2. Matters of State and Motion.

2.1 Matters of State.

2.2 Thermal Matters.

2.3 Quantity of Matter.

2.4 Matter in General Motion: Kinematics.

2.5 Continuity: Mass Conservation in Fluids.

Further Reading.

3. Forces and Dynamics.

3.1 Quantity of Motion: Momentum.

3.2 Acceleration.

3.3 Force, Work, Energy and Power.

3.4 Thermal Energy and Mechanical Work.

3.5 Hydrostatic Pressure Force.

3.6 Buoyancy Force.

3.7 Radial Force.

3.8 Rotational Force, Vorticity and Coriolis Acceleration.

3.9 Viscosity.

3.10 Viscous Force.

3.11 Turbulent Friction Force.

3.12 Overall Forces of Fluid Motion.

3.13 Solid Stress.

3.14 Solid Strain.

3.15 Rheology.

Further Rading.

4. Flow, Deformation, and Transport.

4.1 The Oigin of large-scale Fuid Fow.

4.2 Fundamental types of Fuid Fow.

4.3 Fluid boundary Layers.

4.4 Laminar Flow.

4.5 Turbulent Flow.

4.6 Stratified Fows.

4.7 Particle Settling.

4.8 Particle Transport by Flows.

4.9 Waves and Liquids.

4.10 Transport by Waves.

4.11 Granular Gravity Flow.

4.12 Turbidity Flow.

4.13 Flow through Porous Solids and Granular Solids.

4.14 Fractures.

4.15 Solid Failure and Faults.

4.16 Solid Bending, Buckling, and Folds.

4.17 Seismic Waves.

4.18 Molecules in Motion: Kinetic Theory, Heat Conduction, and Diffusion.

4.19 Heat Transport by Radiation.

4.20 Heat Transport by Convection.

Further Reading.

5. Inner Earth Processes and Systems.

5.1 Melting Magmas and Volcanoes.

5.2 Plate Tectonics.

Further Reading.

6. Outer Earth Processes and Systems.

6.1 Atmosphere.

6.2 Atmosphere-ocean Interface.

6.3 Atmosphere-land Interface.

6.4 Deep Ocean.

6.5 Shallow Ocean.

6.6 Ocean-land Interface: Coasts.

6.7 Land surface.

Further Reading.

Appendix: Brief Mathematical Refresher or Study Guide.

Cookies.

Index