CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam PW0-105, 3rd EditionISBN: 978-1-118-12779-7
Paperback
768 pages
May 2012
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Introduction xxix
Assessment Test xlviii
Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals 1
History of WLAN 2
Standards Organizations 4
Federal Communications Commission 5
International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector 6
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 7
Internet Engineering Task Force 8
Wi-Fi Alliance 10
International Organization for Standardization 14
Core, Distribution, and Access 15
Communications Fundamentals 17
Understanding Carrier Signals 17
Understanding Keying Methods 20
Summary 24
Exam Essentials 25
Review Questions 26
Chapter 2 Radio Frequency Fundamentals 31
What Is a Radio Frequency Signal? 33
Radio Frequency Characteristics 34
Wavelength 34
Frequency 38
Amplitude 40
Phase 41
Radio Frequency Behaviors 42
Wave Propagation 42
Absorption 43
Reflection 44
Scattering 46
Refraction 46
Diffraction 47
Loss (Attenuation) 49
Free Space Path Loss 51
Multipath 53
Gain (Amplification) 57
Summary 58
Exam Essentials 58
Review Questions 59
Chapter 3 Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics 63
RF Components 65
Transmitter 65
Antenna 66
Receiver 67
Intentional Radiator (IR) 67
Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power 67
Units of Power and Comparison 69
Watt 70
Milliwatt (mW) 70
Decibel (dB) 71
dBi 73
dBd 74
dBm 74
Inverse Square Law 76
RF Mathematics 77
Rule of 10s and 3s 77
Noise Floor 87
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 87
Received Signal Strength Indicator 88
Link Budget 92
Fade Margin/System Operating Margin 95
Summary 97
Exam Essentials 98
Review Questions 99
Chapter 4 Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts 103
Azimuth and Elevation Charts
(Antenna Radiation Envelopes) 105
Interpreting Polar Charts 108
Beamwidth 110
Antenna Types 113
Omnidirectional Antennas 113
Semidirectional Antennas 116
Highly Directional Antennas 118
Sector Antennas 120
Antenna Arrays 122
Visual Line of Sight 124
RF Line of Sight 124
Fresnel Zone 125
Earth Bulge 129
Antenna Polarization 130
Antenna Diversity 131
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output 132
MIMO Antennas 132
Indoor MIMO Antennas 133
Outdoor MIMO Antennas 133
Antenna Connection and Installation 134
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 134
Signal Loss 135
Antenna Mounting 136
Antenna Accessories 141
Cables 141
Connectors 142
Splitters 143
Amplifiers 143
Attenuators 144
Lightning Arrestors 145
Grounding Rods and Wires 147
Summary 148
Exam Essentials 148
Review Questions 149
Chapter 5 IEEE 802.11 Standards 153
Original IEEE 802.11 Standard 156
IEEE 802.11-2007 Ratified Amendments 158
802.11b 159
802.11a 160
802.11g 161
802.11d 164
802.11h 165
802.11i 167
802.11j 168
802.11e 168
Post 2007 Ratified Amendments 169
802.11r-2008 170
802.11k-2008 170
802.11y-2008 171
802.11w-2009 172
802.11n-2009 173
802.11z-2010 173
802.11u-2011 173
802.11v-2011 174
802.11s-2011 174
IEEE 802.11 Draft Amendments 175
802.11p 176
802.11aa 176
802.11ac 177
802.11ad 177
802.11ae 178
802.11af 178
802.11ah 178
Defunct Amendments 178
802.11F 178
802.11T 181
802.11m Task Group 182
Summary 182
Exam Essentials 183
Review Questions 184
Chapter 6 Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies 189
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Bands 191
900 MHz ISM Band 191
2.4 GHz ISM Band 192
5.8 GHz ISM Band 192
Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Bands 193
UNII-1 (Lower Band) 193
UNII-2 (Middle Band) 194
UNII-2 Extended 194
UNII-3 (Upper Band) 195
3.6 GHz Band 196
4.9 GHz Band 196
Future Wi-Fi Frequencies 196
60 GHz 196
White-Fi 197
Narrowband and Spread Spectrum 197
Multipath Interference 199
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 200
Hopping Sequence 200
Dwell Time 201
Hop Time 201
Modulation 202
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 202
DSSS Data Encoding 203
Modulation 204
Packet Binary Convolutional Code 204
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 205
Convolutional Coding 206
Modulation 206
2.4 GHz Channels 207
5 GHz Channels 211
Adjacent, Nonadjacent, and Overlapping Channels 213
Throughput vs. Bandwidth 214
Communication Resilience 215
Summary 216
Exam Essentials 217
Review Questions 217
Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Topologies 221
Wireless Networking Topologies 222
Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) 223
Wireless Metropolitan Area
Network (WMAN) 223
Wireless Personal Area Network 224
Wireless Local Area Network 224
802.11 Topologies 225
Access Point 226
Client Station 227
Integration Service 227
Distribution System 227
Wireless Distribution System 228
Service Set Identifier 231
Basic Service Set 232
Basic Service Set Identifier 233
Basic Service Area 233
Extended Service Set 234
Independent Basic Service Set 237
Mesh Basic Service Set 238
802.11 Configuration Modes 239
Access Point Modes 239
Client Station Modes 240
Summary 241
Exam Essentials 241
Review Questions 243
Chapter 8 802.11 Medium Access 247
CSMA/CA vs. CSMA/CD 248
Collision Detection 249
Distributed Coordination Function 250
Interframe Space (IFS) 250
Duration/ID Field 251
Carrier Sense 252
Random Back-off Timer 254
Point Coordination Function 255
Hybrid Coordination Function 255
Enhanced Distributed Channel Access 256
HCF Controlled Channel Access 257
Block Acknowledgment 257
Wi-Fi Multimedia 258
Airtime Fairness 260
Summary 261
Exam Essentials 262
Review Questions 263
Chapter 9 802.11 MAC Architecture 267
Packets, Frames, and Bits 269
Data-Link Layer 270
MAC Service Data Unit 270
MAC Protocol Data Unit 270
Physical Layer 271
PLCP Service Data Unit 271
PLCP Protocol Data Unit 271
802.11 and 802.3 Interoperability 272
Three 802.11 Frame Types 273
Management Frames 273
Control Frames 274
Data Frames 275
Beacon Management Frame 276
Passive Scanning 277
Active Scanning 278
Authentication 280
Open System Authentication 280
Shared Key Authentication 281
Association 282
Authentication and Association States 282
Basic and Supported Rates 283
Roaming 284
Reassociation 284
Disassociation 286
Deauthentication 287
ACK Frame 287
Fragmentation 288
Protection Mechanism 290
RTS/CTS 293
CTS-to-Self 294
Data Frames 295
Power Management 296
Active Mode 297
Power Save Mode 297
Traffic Indication Map 297
Delivery Traffic Indication Message 298
Announcement Traffic Indication Message 299
WMM Power Save and U-APSD 300
802.11n Power Management 302
Band Steering 302
Summary 303
Exam Essentials 304
Review Questions 306
Chapter 10 WLAN Architecture 311
Wireless LAN Client Devices 312
Radio Card Formats 313
Radio Card Chipsets 317
Client Utilities 318
Management, Control, and Data Planes 322
Management Plane 322
Control Plane 323
Data Plane 323
WLAN Architecture 323
Autonomous WLAN Architecture 324
Wireless Network Management System 325
Centralized WLAN Architecture 327
Distributed WLAN Architecture 336
Unified WLAN Architecture 337
Specialty WLAN Infrastructure 337
Wireless Workgroup Bridge 338
Wireless LAN Bridges 339
Home Wi-Fi Router 341
Wireless LAN Mesh Access Points 342
WLAN Array 343
Virtual AP System 344
Real-Time Location Systems 344
VoWiFi 346
Summary 348
Exam Essentials 348
Review Questions 350
Chapter 11 WLAN Deployment and Vertical Markets 355
Deployment Considerations for Commonly Supported WLAN Applications and Devices 356
Data 356
Voice 357
Video 357
Real-Time Location Services 358
Mobile Devices 359
Corporate Data Access and End-User Mobility 360
Network Extension to Remote Areas 360
Bridging: Building-to-Building Connectivity 361
Wireless ISP: Last-Mile Data Delivery 362
Small Office/Home Office 362
Mobile Office Networking 363
Educational/Classroom Use 363
Industrial: Warehousing
and Manufacturing 364
Healthcare: Hospitals and Offices 364
Municipal Networks 366
Hotspots: Public Network Access 366
Transportation Networks 368
Law Enforcement Networks 368
First-Responder Networks 369
Fixed Mobile Convergence 370
WLAN and Health 371
WLAN Vendors 371
Summary 373
Exam Essentials 373
Review Questions 375
Chapter 12 WLAN Troubleshooting 379
Layer 2 Retransmissions 380
RF Interference 382
Multipath 385
Adjacent Channel Interference 387
Low SNR 390
Mismatched Power Settings 391
Near/Far 393
Hidden Node 394
802.11 Coverage Considerations 398
Dynamic Rate Switching 398
Roaming 401
Layer 3 Roaming 405
Co-channel Interference 407
Channel Reuse/Multiple Channel Architecture 409
Single-Channel Architecture 414
Capacity vs. Coverage 416
Oversized Coverage Cells 418
Physical Environment 418
Voice vs. Data 418
Performance 420
Weather 421
Summary 422
Exam Essentials 422
Review Questions 424
Chapter 13 802.11 Network Security Architecture 429
802.11 Security Basics 431
Data Privacy 432
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting 433
Segmentation 434
Monitoring and Policy 434
Legacy 802.11 Security 434
Legacy Authentication 435
Static WEP Encryption 436
MAC Filters 438
SSID Cloaking 439
Robust Security 440
Robust Security Network (RSN) 441
Authentication and Authorization 442
PSK Authentication 442
Proprietary PSK Authentication 443
802.1X/EAP Framework 445
EAP Types 448
Dynamic Encryption-Key Generation 448
4-Way Handshake 450
WPA/WPA2-Personal 451
TKIP Encryption 451
CCMP Encryption 452
Traffic Segmentation 454
VLANs 454
RBAC 454
Infrastructure Security 456
Physical Security 456
Interface Security 456
VPN Wireless Security 457
Layer 3 VPNs 457
SSL VPN 458
VPN Deployment 458
Guest WLAN Security 459
Captive Portal 460
Summary 462
Exam Essentials 462
Review Questions 464
Chapter 14 Wireless Attacks, Intrusion Monitoring, and Policy 469
Wireless Attacks 470
Rogue Wireless Devices 471
Peer-to-Peer Attacks 474
Eavesdropping 475
Encryption Cracking 478
Authentication Attacks 478
MAC Spoofing 480
Management Interface Exploits 481
Wireless Hijacking 482
Denial of Service (DoS) 483
Vendor-Specific Attacks 485
Social Engineering 485
Intrusion Monitoring 486
Wireless Intrusion Detection System 486
Wireless Intrusion Prevention System (WIPS) 489
Mobile WIDS 491
Spectrum Analyzer 492
Wireless Security Policy 493
General Security Policy 494
Functional Security Policy 494
Legislative Compliance 495
802.11 Wireless Policy Recommendations 496
Summary 497
Exam Essentials 497
Review Questions 498
Contents xxi
Chapter 15 Radio Frequency Site Survey Fundamentals 503
WLAN Site Survey Interview 504
Customer Briefing 504
Business Requirements 505
Capacity and Coverage Requirements 506
Existing Wireless Network 509
Infrastructure Connectivity 510
Security Expectations 512
Guest Access 512
Documents and Reports 513
Forms and Customer Documentation 513
Deliverables 515
Additional Reports 516
Vertical Market Considerations 517
Outdoor Surveys 517
Aesthetics 519
Government 519
Education 520
Healthcare 520
Hotspots 521
Retail 521
Warehouses 521
Manufacturing 522
Multitenant Buildings 522
Summary 523
Exam Essentials 523
Review Questions 524
Chapter 16 Site Survey Systems and Devices 529
Site Survey Defined 530
Protocol and Spectrum Analysis 531
Spectrum Analysis 532
Coverage Analysis 536
AP Placement and Configuration 541
Application Analysis 543
Site Survey Tools 544
Indoor Site Survey Tools 544
Outdoor Site Survey Tools 546
Coverage Analysis 549
Manual 549
Predictive 551
Self-Organizing Wireless LANs 552
Summary 553
Exam Essentials 554
Review Questions 555
Chapter 17 Power over Ethernet (PoE) 561
History of PoE 562
Nonstandard PoE 563
IEEE 802.3af 563
IEEE Std. 802.3-2005, Clause 33 563
IEEE 802.3at-2009 563
An Overview of PoE Devices 564
Powered Device 564
Power-Sourcing Equipment 566
Endpoint PSE 567
Midspan PSE 570
Power-Sourcing Equipment Pin Assignments 573
Planning and Deploying PoE 574
Power Planning 574
Redundancy 575
802.11n and PoE 577
Summary 578
Exam Essentials 578
Review Questions 579
Chapter 18 High Throughput (HT) and 802.11n 583
802.11n-2009 Amendment 585
Wi-Fi Alliance Certification 586
MIMO 588
Radio Chains 589
Spatial Multiplexing (SM) 590
MIMO Diversity 591
Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) 592
Cyclic Shift Diversity (CSD) 593
Transmit Beamforming (TxBF) 593
HT Channels 596
20 MHz Non-HT and HT Channels 596
40 MHz Channels 597
Forty MHz Intolerant 600
Guard Interval (GI) 600
Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) 601
HT PHY 604
Non-HT Legacy 605
HT Mixed 606
HT Greenfield 606
HT MAC 606
A-MSDU 607
A-MPDU 608
Block Acknowledgment 609
Reduced Interframe Space 609
HT Power Management 610
HT Operation 611
20/40 Channel Operation 611
HT Protection Modes (0–3) 611
RTS/CTS and CTS-to-Self 612
Summary 613
Exam Essentials 614
Review Questions 615
Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 619
Chapter 1: Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals 620
Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals 622
Chapter 3: Radio Frequency Components, Measurements, and Mathematics 623
Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts 626
Chapter 5: IEEE 802.11 Standards 627
Chapter 6: Wireless Networks and Spread Spectrum Technologies 629
Chapter 7: Wireless LAN Topologies 631
Chapter 8: 802.11 Medium Access 633
Chapter 9: 802.11 MAC Architecture 635
Chapter 10: WLAN Architecture 637
Chapter 11: WLAN Deployment and Vertical Markets 639
Chapter 12: WLAN Troubleshooting 641
Chapter 13: 802.11 Network Security Architecture 644
Chapter 14: Wireless Attacks, Intrusion Monitoring, and Policy 646
Chapter 15: Radio Frequency Site Survey Fundamentals 649
Chapter 16: Site Survey Systems and Devices 651
Chapter 17: Power over Ethernet (PoE) 653
Chapter 18: High Throughput (HT)
and 802.11n 655
Appendix B Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Regulations 659
Certifications 660
Organizations and Regulations 660
Measurements 661
Technical Terms 662
Power Regulations 672
2.4 GHz ISM Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP) Communications 672
5 GHz UNII Point-to-Multipoint (PtMP) Communications 672
2.4 GHz ISM Point-to-Point (PtP) Communications 673
5 GHz UNII Point-to-Point (PtP) Communications 674
Appendix C About the Additional Study Tools 675
Additional Study Tools 676
Sybex Test Engine 676
Electronic Flashcards 676
PDF of Glossary of Terms 676
Adobe Reader 676
System Requirements 677
Using the Study Tools 677
Troubleshooting 677
Customer Care 678
Index 679