Biostatistics for Oral Healthcare

1. What Is Biostatistics?.

2. Why Do I Need Statistics?.

3. How Much Mathematics Do I Need?.

4. How to Study Statistics?.

5. Reference.

Chapter 2. Summarizing Data.

1. Raw Data and Basic Terminology.

2. The Levels of Measurements.

3. Frequency Distributions.

Frequency Tables.

Relative Frequency.

4. Graphs.

Bar Graphs.

Pie Charts.

Line Graphs.

Histograms.

Stem and Leaf Plots.

5. Clinical Trials.

6. Confounding Variables.

7. Exercises.

8. References.

Chapter 3. Measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion, and Skewness.

1. Introduction.

2. Mean.

3. Weighted Mean.

4. Median.

5. Mode.

6. Geometric Mean.

7. Harmonic Mean.

8. Mean and Median of Grouped Data.

9. Mean of Two or More Means.

10. Range.

11. Percentiles and Interquartile Range.

12. Box-whisker Plot.

13. Variance and Standard Deviation.

14. Coefficient of Variation.

15. Variance of the Grouped Data.

16. Skewness.

17. Exercises.

18. References.

Chapter 4. Probability.

1. Introduction.

2. Sample Space and Events.

3. Basic Properties of Probability.

4. Independence and Mutually Exclusive Events.

5. Conditional Probability.

6. Bayes Theorem.

7. Rates and Proportions.

Prevalence and Incidence.

Sensitivity and Specificity.

Relative Risk and Odds Ratio.

8. Exercises.

9. References.

Chapter 5. Probability Distributions.

1. Introduction.

2. Binomial Distribution.

3. Poisson Distribution.

4. Poisson Approximation to Binomial Distribution.

5. Normal Distribution.

Properties of Normal Distributions.

Standard Normal Distribution.

Using Normal Probability Table.

Further Applications of Normal Probability.

Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution.

6. Exercises.

7. References.

Chapter 6. Sampling Distributions.

1. Introduction.

2. Sampling Distribution of the Mean.

Standard Error of the Sample Mean.

Central Limit Theorem.

3. Student's t Distribution.

4. Exercises.

5. References.

Chapter 7. Confidence Intervals and Sample Size.

1. Introduction.

2. Confidence Intervals for the Mean and Sample Size n when Is Known.

3. Confidence Intervals for the Mean when is Not Known.

4. Confidence Intervals for the Binomial Parameter p.

5. Confidence Intervals for the Variances and Standard Deviations.

6. Exercises.

7. References.

Chapter 8. Hypothesis Testing: One Sample Case.

1. Introduction.

2. Concept of Hypothesis Testing.

3. One-tailed Z Test of the Mean of a Normal Distribution When Is Known.

4. Two-tailed Z Test of the Mean of a Normal Distribution When Is Known.

5. t Test of the Mean of a Normal Distribution.

6. The Power of a Test and Sample Size.

7. One-Sample Test for a Binomial Proportion.

8. One-Sample Test for the Variance of a Normal Distribution.

9. Exercises.

10. References.

Chapter 9. Hypothesis Testing: Two-Sample Case.

1. Introduction.

2. Two Sample Z Test for Comparing Two Means.

3. Two Sample t Test for Comparing Two Means with Equal Variances.

4. Two Sample t Test for Comparing Two Means with Unequal Variances.

5. The Paired t Test.

6. Z Test for Comparing Two Binomial Proportions.

7. The Sample Size and Power of a Two Sample Test.

Estimation of a Sample Size.

The Power of a Two Sample Test.

8. The F Test for the Equality of Two Variances.

9. Exercises.

10. References.

Chapter 10. Categorical Data Analysis.

1. Introduction.

2. 2 x 2 Contingency Table.

3. r x c Contingency Table.

4. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test.

5. The McNemar Test.

6. The Kappa Statistic.

7. Goodness of Fit Test.

8. Exercises.

9. References.

Chapter 11. Regression Analysis and Correlation.

1. Introduction.

2. Simple Linear Regression.

Description of Regression Model.

Estimation of Regression Function.

Aptness of a Model.

3. Correlation Coefficient.

Significance of Correlation Coefficient.

4. Coefficient of Determination.

5. Multiple Regression.

6. Logistic Regression.

The Logistic Regression Model.

Fitting the Logistic Regression Model.

7. Multiple Logistic Regression Model.

8. Exercises.

9. References.

Chapter 12. One-Way Analysis of Variance.

1. Introduction.

2. Factors and Factor Levels.

3. Statement of the Problem and Model Assumptions.

4. Basic Concepts in ANOVA.

5. F-test for Comparison of k Population Means.

6. Multiple Comparisons Procedures.

Least Significant Difference Method.

Bonferroni Approach.

Scheffe's Method.

Tukey's Procedure.

7. One-way ANOVA Random Effects Model.

8. Test for Equality of k Variances.

Bartlett's Test.

Hartley's Test.

9. Exercises.

10. References.

Chapter 13. Two-Way Analysis of Variance.

1. Introduction.

2. General Model.

3. Sum of Squares and Degrees of Freedom.

4. F Test.

5. Exercises.

6. References.

Chapter 14. Non-Parametric Statistics.

1. Introduction.

2. The Sign Test.

3. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test.

4. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.

5. The Median Test.

6. The Kruskal-Wallis Test.

7. The Friedman Test.

8. The Permutation Test.

9. The Cochran Test.

10. The Squared Rank Test For Variances.

11. Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient.

12. Exercises.

13. References.

Chapter 15. Survival Analysis.

1. Introduction.

2. Person-Time Method and Mortality Rate.

3. Life Table Analysis.

4. Hazard Function.

5. Kaplan-Meier Product Limit Estimator.

6. Comparing Survival Functions.

Gehan's Generalized Wilcoxon Test.

The Logrank Test.

The Mantel and Haenszel Test.

7. Piecewise Exponential Estimator (PEXE).

Small Sample Illustration.

General Description of PEXE.

An Example.

Properties of PEXE and Comparisons with Kaplan-Meier Estimator.

8. References.

Appendix.

Solutions to Selected Exercises.

Table A. Table of Random Numbers.

Table B. Table of Binomial Probabilities.

Table C. Table of Poisson Probabilities.

Table D. Standard Normal Probabilities.

Table E. Percentiles of the t Distribution.

Table F. Percentiles of the Distribution.

Table G. Percentiles of the F Distribution