Veterinary Echocardiography, 2nd Edition

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xix

CHAPTER 1 THE PHYSICS OF ULTRASOUND 3

BASIC PHYSICS 3

TRANSDUCERS AND RESOLUTION 9

DOPPLER PHYSICS 14

ARTIFACTS 29

SUMMARY 33

RECOMMENDED READING 35

CHAPTER 2 THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EXAM 37

INTRODUCTION 37

PATIENT PREPARATION 37

PATIENT POSITIONING 37

TRANSDUCER SELECTION 40

TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGES 40

REFERENCES 98

CHAPTER 3 THE M-MODE AND DOPPLER EXAMINATION 101

INTRODUCTION 101

M-MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 101

COLOR-FLOW DOPPLER 112

SPECTRAL DOPPLER 118

TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING 146

REFERENCES 149

CHAPTER 4 EVALUATION OF SIZE, FUNCTION, AND HEMODYNAMICS 153

MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGES 153

MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF SPECTRAL DOPPLER FLOW 186

MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING 193

EVALUATION OF COLOR-FLOW DOPPLER 196

EVALUATION OF VENTRICULAR FUNCTION 198

HEMODYNAMIC INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EXAMS 225

REFERENCES 247

EXERCISES 256

CHAPTER 5 ACQUIRED VALVULAR DISEASE 267

MITRAL REGURGITATION 267

AORTIC REGURGITATION 303

TRICUSPID REGURGITATION 319

PULMONARY REGURGITATION 324

ENDOCARDITIS 325

REFERENCES 327

CHAPTER 6 HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE 335

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION 335

SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION 351

REFERENCES 356

CHAPTER 7 MYOCARDIAL DISEASES 359

HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY 359

DYNAMIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION 380

MODERATOR BANDS 381

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY 381

RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY 396

RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY 396

ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS 400

ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR CARDIOMYOPATHY 400

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION 400

MYOCARDIAL CONTUSIONS 403

REFERENCES 404

CHAPTER 8 PERICARDIAL DISEASE, EFFUSIONS, AND MASSES 411

PERICARDIAL EFFUSION 411

NEOPLASIA AS A CAUSE OF PERICARDIAL EFFUSION 416

PERICARDIAL DISEASE 425

ABCESSES 431

PERICARDIAL CYSTS 431

THROMBUS 431

REFERENCES 431

CHAPTER 9 CONGENITAL SHUNTS AND AV VALVE DYSPLASIA 437

VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT 437

PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS 450

AORTICOPULMONARY WINDOW 458

RIGHT TO LEFT SHUNTING PDA 459

ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS 459

ENDOCARDIAL CUSHION DEFECTS 465

BUBBLE STUDIES 467

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE DYSPLASIA 468

REFERENCES 472

CHAPTER 10 STENOTIC LESIONS 477

OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTIONS 477

INFLOW OBSTRUCTIONS 507

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT 517

REFERENCES 522

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Bovine 527

Appendix 2: Canine 531

Appendix 3: Equine 559

Appendix 4: Feline 569

Appendix 5: Miscellaneous Species 581

Index 589