Bioeconomics of Fisheries Management

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

1 Introduction 3

1.1 Why is fisheries management and regulation needed? 3

1.2 The social trap and free rider behavior in fisheries 5

1.3 Stock fluctuations due to natural causes 5

1.4 Fisheries Bioeconomics 6

References 10

2 Fundamentals of fisheries Bioeconomics 11

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 The Schaefer logistic growth model 12

2.3 Schaeffer logistic growth with harvest 15

2.4 A more formal analysis of commercial harvest 17

2.5 The basic Bioeconomic model 21

2.6 Deriving revenue and cost functions 21

2.7 Static maximum economic yield 24

2.8 Open access utilization of a fishery 25

2.9 Postscript on structural change under open access 28

References 29

3 Open access dynamics 31

3.1 Introduction 31

3.2 Bioeconomic equilibrium 31

3.3 The process of obtaining an equilibrium 34

3.4 Bioeconomic equilibrium in a disaggregated model 39

4 Optimal dynamic utilization 51

4.1 Introduction 51

4.2 The general model with nonlinear yield functions 53

4.3 Formal analysis of optimal dynamic utilization 59

4.4 Interpretation of the Golden Rule 63

References 71

5 Age-structured Bioeconomic model 73

5.1 Introduction 73

5.2 The age-class Bioeconomic model 76

5.3 The details of the age-class Bioeconomic model 81

5.4 Biological analysis with age class model 87

5.5 Population dynamics in age-class models 93

5.6 Bioeconomic analysis with age-class models 97

References 102

6 The fisheries management process 105

6.1 Introduction 105

6.2 The paradigm of modern fisheries management 105

6.3 Historical perspective on the development of the paradigm 107

6.4 The specification of harvest control rules 109

6.5 Limit and target harvests 112

6.6 Monte Carlo results with scientific uncertainty 114

6.7 Monte Carlo results with scientific and implementation uncertainty 115

References 118

7 Economic analysis of fishery regulation 121

7.1 Introduction 121

7.2 Introduction of regulation discussion 126

7.3 Open access regulations 128

7.4 Limited-access regulation 159

References 177

8 Bioeconomics of ecosystem interdependencies 181

8.1 Current challenges of the ecosystems approach to fisheries 183

References 187

9 Ecological and technological interdependencies 189

9.1 Implicit form equations 190

9.2 Growth functions of ecologically interdependent species 190

9.3 Case 1: competition – the Lotka–Volterra model 194

9.4 Case 2: Bioeconomics of predator–prey interdependencies 203

9.5 Case 3: fleets with heterogeneous fishing power and unit costs of effort competing for a stock 211

9.6 Case 4: multispecies and multifleet fishery – a fleet harvesting incidentally target species of another fishery 217

9.7 Case 5: sequential technological interdependencies of small-scale and industrial fleets – an age-structured model 224

9.8 An age-structured sequential Bioeconomic model 225

References 229

10 Spatial management of fisheries 231

10.1 Spatially distributed population of a single stock 233

10.2 Distance from port to alternative fishing sites 236

10.3 Spatial fishing behavior 237

10.4 Spatial management of fisheries 244

10.5 A metapopulation with source–sink configuration 248

10.6 A Bioeconomic model for source–sink configurations 249

10.7 Migration in spatial models of fisheries 251

10.8 Final remarks 253

References 253

11 Seasonality and long-term fluctuating stock 257

11.1 Introduction 257

11.2 Modeling recruitment seasonality 258

11.3 Optimum allocation of seasonal effort 260

11.4 Long-term patterns in small pelagic fisheries 261

11.5 Long-term pattern of fluctuating environmentally driven recruitment 265

References 269

12 Dealing with risk and uncertainty 271

12.1 Cimate change increases uncertainty in marine fisheries 272

12.2 Indicators, reference points, and control law 274

12.3 Case 1: selecting adequate vessel size for a stock fluctuating fishery 276

12.4 Bayesian criterion 277

12.5 Decision criteria without mathematical probabilities 277

12.6 Case 2: stock recovery strategies of a multifleet fishery with alternative biomass LRPs 280

12.7 Probability of exceeding a spawning stock LRP in the stock recovery process 283

References 284

Appendices 287

1 Spatial dynamics of the fishery for three possible strategies of spatial behavior of fishers 287

2 Modelling recruitment seasonality 291

3 Summary of model equations and Bioeconomic parameter sets 293

Index 297