The German Language: A Linguistic Introduction

Abbreviations.

1. Introduction:.

1.1. What Is The German Language?.

1.2. A Linguistic Description.

1.3. The Grammar And Grammatical Knowledge.

1.4. Other Linguistic Knowledge.

1.5. Further Reading.

2. Syntax:.

2.1. The Concept Of Syntax.

2.2. Phrase Structures Of German.

2.3. Case In German.

2.4. The Position Of The German Verb.

2.5. Syntactic Processes.

2.6. Further Reading.

Exercises.

3. Morphology:.

3.1. Morphemes And Morphology.

3.2. Morphology And Word-Formation.

3.2.1. Inflection.

3.2.2. Derivation.

3.2.3. Compounding.

3.2.4. Conversion.

3.2.5. Other Morphological Processes.

3.3. The Relationship Between Morphology And Phonology.

3.4. Productivity.

3.5. Borrowings From Other Languages.

3.6. The Relationship Between Morphology And Syntax.

3.7. Further Reading.

Exercises.

4. Phonetics:.

4.1. Introduction.

4.2. Air-Stream Type.

4.3. State Of The Glottis.

4.4. State Of The Velum.

4.5. Oral Articulators.

4.6. Manner.

4.7. Lip Position.

4.8. Vocoid Articulations.

4.9. Place Of Articulation.

4.10. Resonance.

4.11. Voice Onset Time.

4.12. The Transcription Of German And English.

4.13. Further Reading.

Exercises.

5. Phonology:.

5.1. Preliminaries.

5.2. Syllable Structure.

5.3. The Obstruents.

5.4. Affricates.

5.5. Nasals.

5.6. Other Consonants.

5.7. Vowels.

5.8. Connected Speech.

5.8.1. Assimilation.

5.8.2. Lenition.

5.8.3. Shortening.

5.8.4. Deletion.

5.9. Further Reading.

Exercises.

6. Lexis:.

6.1. The Lexicon And The Nature Of Lexical Entries.

6.2. Thematic Structure.

6.3. Categories Of Lexical Items.

6.4. The Meaning Of Lexical Items.

6.5. The Nature Of Lexical Items.

6.6. Relations Among Lexical Items.

6.7. Sense Relations.

6.8. Further Reading.

Exercises.

7. Stylistics:.

7.1. Stylistics And The Style Of Text.

7.2. Style And Deviation.

7.3. Stylistic Principles.

7.4. Metaphor.

7.5. Repetition.

7.6. Iconicity.

7.7. Compression.

7.8. Ambiguity.

7.9. Cohesion.

7.10. Style And Choice.

7.11. Further Reading.

Exercises.

8. Historical Background:.

8.1. Preliminaries.

8.2. Phonology.

8.3. Umlaut.

8.4. Morphology.

8.5. Syntactic Changes.

8.6. Lexical And Semantic Changes.

8.7. External Influences.

8.8. Further Reading.

Exercises.

9. Contemporary Variation:.

9.1. Preliminaries.

9.2. Variation By Use.

9.3. Variation By User.

9.3.1. Regional Accents.

9.3.2. Morphological And Syntactic Variation.

9.3.3. Lexical Variation.

9.4. Further Reading.

Exercises.

References.

Index.