The Development of African American English

List of Figures.

List of Tables.

Preface.

1. Introduction:.

The Status of African American English.

A Unique Data Base.

The Hyde County Corpus.

Data Analysis.

Beyond Hyde County.

2. Issue in the Development of African American English:.

Hypotheses on Earlier African American English.

Issues in Reconstructing Earlier AAVE.

The Nature of Earlier Written Texts.

Spoken Language Data Representing Earlier AAVE.

The Sociohistorical Context of Earlier African Americans.

Variation in Earlier AAVE.

Donor Source Attribution.

African American English in the Twentieth Century.

3. Defining the Enclave Dialect Community:.

Introduction.

Historically Isolated Speech Communities.

Geography.

Economy.

Historical Continuity.

Social Relations.

Group Identity.

The Social Construction of Enclave Status.

Language Change in Enclave Communities.

Sociolinguistic Principles in the Configuration of Isolated Dialects.

4. The Social History of Mainland Hyde County: .

Chesapeake Bay Origins.

The Settlement of Hyde County.

Hyde County from the Revolutionary War to the Civil War.

Reconstruction to the Great Depression.

Hyde County since 1940.

Sociohistorical Effects on Language.

5. Morphosyntactic Alignment in Hyde County English: .

Issues in Attribution.

Past Tense be Regularization.

The Historical Development of Leveling to Weren't.

Was/Weren't Leveling in Hyde County.

Copula/Auxiliary Is and Are Absence.

The Historical Development of Copula Absence. |.

Copula Absence in Hyde County.

Third Person –S Marking.

The Historical Development of Verbal –S Marking.

Verbal –S Marking in Hyde County.

Conclusion.

6. Vocalic Alignment in Hyde County:.

An Overview of Hyde County Vowels.

The Historical Background of Hyde County Vowels.

Quantitative Analysis of Hyde County Vowels.

Conclusions.

7. Consonantal Alignment in Hyde County: .

Earlier Hyde County Consonants.

The Case of Consonant Cluster Reduction.

The Patterning of Cluster Reduction.

The Case of Postvocalic r Vocalization.

The Patterning of Postvocalic r-lessness.

Post-/?/ r Vocalization.

Conclusion.

8. Intonational Alignment in Hyde County English: .

African American and European American Intonation.

Analytical Methods.

Results and Implications.

Conclusions.

9. The Individual and Group in Earlier African American English: .

The Individual and Group in Variation Studies.

The Sample of Elderly African American Speakers.

Some Diagnostic Variables.

Rhoticity.

Syllable-Coda Consonant Cluster Reduction.

The Vowel System.

Verbal –s Concord.

Copula Absence.

Past Tense be Leveling.

Patterns of Correlation and Individuation.

Variation in Earlier AAVE.

10. Beyond Hyde County: Te Past and Present Development of AAVE: .

The Origin of African American English.

The Regional Context of Earlier African American English.

Levels of Linguistic Alignment.

The Trajectory of Language Change.

The Norming of AAVE.

Issues in Vernacular Dialect Norming.

Vernacular Language Norming in Hyde County.

Explaining the Supraregional Norms of Contemporary AAVE.

Conclusion.

References.

Index.