A Companion to African American History

Notes on the Contributors x

Acknowledgments xiii

Introduction 1
Alton Hornsby, Jr

Part I Africa and Other Roots 3

1 Life and Work in West Africa 5
Augustine Konneh

2 Africans in Europe prior to the Atlantic Slave Trade 23
Maghan Keita

3 The African and European Slave Trades 48
Walter C. Rucker

4 Africans in the Caribbean and Latin America: The Post-Emancipation Diaspora 67
Frederick D. Opie

Part II Africans in Early North America 87

5 Ethnicity, Nationality, and Race in Colonial America 89
Jeffrey Elton Anderson

6 Not Chattel, Not Free: Quasi-Free Blacks in the Colonial Era 105
Antonio F. Holland and Debra Foster Greene

7 Africans and Native Americans 121
Tiya Miles and Barbara Krauthamer

Part III In the House of Bondage 141

8 Origins and Institutionalization of American Slavery 143
Jason R. Young

9 Labor in the Slave Community, 1700–1860 159
Frederick C. Knight

10 Spirituality and Socialization in the Slave Community 176
Jason R. Young

11 Slave Rebels and Black Abolitionists 199
Stanley Harrold

Part IV: Transculturation 217

12 The Americanization of Africans and the Africanization of America 219
Samuel T. Livingston

13 African Americans and an Atlantic World Culture 235
Walter C. Rucker

Part V: The Civil War, Emancipation, and the Quest for Freedom 255

14 African Americans and the American Civil War 257
Oscar R. Williams III and Hayward “Woody” Farrar

15 Jim Crowed – Emancipation Betrayed: African Americans Confront the Veil 271
Charles W. McKinney, Jr and Rhonda Jones

Part VI: The Maturation of African American Communities and the Emergence of Independent Institutions 283

16 African American Religious and Fraternal Organizations 285
David H. Jackson, Jr

17 The Quest for “Book Learning”: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom 295
Christopher M. Span and James D. Anderson

18 The Growth of African American Cultural and Social Institutions 312
David H. Jackson, Jr

19 African American Entrepreneurship in Slavery and Freedom 325
Anne R. Hornsby

20 The Black Press 332
Shirley E. Thompson

Part VII: African Americans and Wars “For Democracy” 347

21 The Black Soldier in Two World Wars 349
Hayward “Woody” Farrar

22 Identity, Patriotism, and Protest on the Wartime Home Front, 1917–19, 1941–5 364
Hayward “Woody” Farrar

Part VIII: Gender and Class 379

23 Gender and Class in Post-Emancipation Black Communities 381
Angela M. Hornsby

24 African American Women since the Second World War: Perspectives on Gender and Race 395
Delores P. Aldridge

25 Striving for Place: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People 412
Juan J. Battle and Natalie D. A. Bennett

Part IX: Migration, Renaissance, and New Beginnings 447

26 Exodus from the South 449
Mark Andrew Huddle

27 Development, Growth, and Transformation in Higher Education 463
Abel A. Bartley

28 Identity, Protest, and Outreach in the Arts 476
Julius E. Thompson

Part X: Searching for Place 497

29 Searching for a New Freedom 499
Hasan Kwame Jeffries

30 “Race Rebels”: From Indigenous Insurgency to Hip-Hop Mania 512
Marcellus C. Barksdale and Samuel T. Livingston

31 Searching for Place: Nationalism, Separatism, and Pan-Africanism 529
Akinyele Umoja

Index 545