War in the Hellenistic World: A Social and Cultural History

List of Figures x

List of Maps xi

List of Abbreviations xiii

Table of Important Events xvii

Preface xxi

1 The Ubiquitous War 1

1.1. The Visibility of War 1.2. The Frequency of Wars

1.3. Reasons to Fight

2 Between Civic Duties and Oligarchic Aspirations: Devoted Citizens, Brave Generals, and Generous Benefactors 18

2.1. Fighting Against a Neighbor: A Privilege of the Polis

2.2. Warfare as a Citizen’s Duty

2.3. City and Land: Structure and Hierarchy

2.4. The Defense of the City as the Stage of Civic Elites

2.5. Local Hero: The Statesman as a Military Leader

2.6. Euergetism in War and the Ideology of Inequality

2.7. From Individual Services to the Heredity of Leadership

3 The Age of War: Fighting Young Men 44

3.1. Restless Warriors 3.2. Training Fighters 3.3. Rituals for Young Warriors

4 The Interactive King: War and the Ideology of Hellenistic Monarchy 57

4.1. War and the Acceptance of Monarchical Rule

4.2. The King and His Army

4.3. The King and the City

4.4. The Wolf as a Sheep: Royal Peace-makers 4.5. War and Mortal Divinity

5 War as a Profession: Officers, Trainers, Doctors, Engineers 78

5.1. The Professionalization of Hellenistic Warfare: Definitions and Modifications

5.2. The Social Context of Mercenary Service

5.3. The Conditions of Service

5.4. Garrisons and Foreign Troops in Hellenistic Cities

5.5. Professional Ideals: Discipline, Solidarity, Masculinity

5.6. Professional Risks: Doctors and Patients

5.7. War as a Science: Trainers, Tacticians, and Inventors

6 The Gender of War: Masculine Warriors, Defenseless Women, and Beyond 102

6.1. War and Masculinity

6.2. In the Shadow of Soldiers: Women in Garrisons and Forts

6.3. Spectators, Judges, and Defenders: Women’s Share of War

6.4. Anonymous Victims

7 The Cost and Profit of War: Economic Aspects of Hellenistic Warfare 115

7.1. The Budget of War: Fiscal Aspects of Hellenistic Warfare

7.2. War and Agriculture

7.3. The Economy of Booty

7.4. Winners and Losers: The Impact of War on the Hellenistic Economy

8 An Age of Miracles and Saviors: The Effects of Hellenistic Wars on Religion 143

8.1. Communicating with the Gods, Boasting to Mortals

8.2. War and Cult Transfer

8.3. Violence against Sanctuaries and the Discourse of War

8.4. War and the Supernatural 8.5. Pragmatism Versus Tradition: War and the Dynamics of Rituals

9 The Discourse of War 166

9.1. War Reflections

9.2. War Reveals the Character of Men and Groups

9.3. Naming Wars

9.4. Deciding and Justifying War

9.5. The Right of Conquest

9.6. Longing for Peace

10 Aesthetics of War 189

10.1. Images of Violence in Hellenistic Literature and Art

10.2. Blood is Beautiful: Realism and Subtlety in the Representation of Violence

10.3. The Beauty of the Unexpected: Peripeteia and the Paradoxon in Narratives of War

11 The Memory of War 214

11.1. The Memory of War: Individual, Collective, Cultural

11.2. War in Hellenistic Historiography

11.3. The Monumental Historiography of War

11.4. Oral Commemoration of War

11.5. Commemorative Anniversaries

11.6. War Monuments

11.7. Collective Identity and the Glorification of the Individual

12 Breaking Boundaries: How War Shaped the Hellenistic World 245

Bibliography 256

Name Index 282

Subject Index 293

Source Index 304