A History of Political Thought: From the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

Introduction.

1. Medieval Political Ideas and Medieval Society.

Medieval Sources.

The Historical Context of Early Medieval Political Thought.

Carolingian Christian Kingship and Feudal Society.

Translatio Imperii.

Theocratic Kingship.

The Origins of Papal Authority and the Gelasian Doctrine.

Two Swords Theory.

The Twelfth-century 'Renaissance': Canon Lawyers and their Heirs.

The Twelfth-century 'Renaissance' and Civil Lawyers.

Civilians and Canonists.

Individual and Collective Liberties.

Sovereignty and Corporations.

Natural Law, Rights and the Lawyers Concern for Individual Autonomy.

Origins of Property Rights.

Medieval Education: Practical Moral Philosophy of Ethics, Economics and Politics.

The Contribution of Arabic and Jewish Thinking to the Twelfth-century 'REnaissance'.

Aristotle in the Universities.

Ethics and Politics in the Liberal Arts Course.

The Purpose of Aristotelian Rhetorical Persuasion.

The Thirteenth 'Aristotelian' Century.

The Later Thirteenth-century Understanding of Rhetoric's Service to a Prince: Giles of Rome.

Aristotelian Rhetoric.

Returning to Giles of Rome's Rhetorical De regimine principum.

Rhetoric outside the University and Aristotle within the University.

Aristotle's Ethics for Medieval University Students.

Lawyers Versus the Arts Faculty Philosophers.

The New Mendicant Orders: Franciscans and Dominicans and Political Theory.

2. St Thomas Aquinas.

Philosophy of Man.

Reality and Metaphysics.

Naming, Natures and Actual Existents.

Natures and Definitions.

Substantial Form and Corporeal Individuation.

Being and Essence.

Cause and Effect.

Grace Added to and Perfecting, Not Destroying, Nature.

Sense Origin of Knowing.

Reason and Will.

The Will's Relation to Justice as Universal Principal and as Historically Contingent Conclusion.

Eudaomonia/beatitudo: Imoorality and the Completion of Desire.

Rationality and the Freedom of the Will.

The Will and the Doctrine of Original Sin.

Natural Theology.

State and Church: The Consequences of Natural Theology.

Free Will and Responsibility.

Aquinas on Law and Ploitics.

Natural Law and Politics.

Natural Law beyond Cicero.

Natural Human Community.

The Consequences of the Fall.

Individual Rights and the States's Law.

The Contrast with Augustine.

The Mixed Constitution.

Private Property Rights.

3. John of Paris.

Biographical Details.

The Franciscan Position.

The Dominican Position.

The Origin of Government.

The Thomistic Underpinning of dominium in rebus, Lordship and Ownership of Things.

The Justification of Private Ownership.

Limitations on Government.

The Origin of the Priesthood.

The Relation of the Church to its Property.

Deposition Theory.

4. Marsilius of Padua.

Biographical Details.

A Reading Discourse 1.

Some Observations from Discourse 2.

Conclusions.

5. William of Ockham.

Biographical Details.

Ockham's Positions on Church and State.

Ockham's Epistemology.

Ockham's Dualism Concerning Secular and Spiritual Government: Continuing the Narrative.

Comparisions with Marsilius.

The Exceptional Exercise of Coercive Authority.

Natural Rights.

Corporattion Theory.

Ockham's 'Absolutism'. How did Ockham Come to Hold These Views?.

Right Reason.

Scriptural Hermeneutics.

Ockham's Ethics.

Conclusion.

The Late Medieval Fortunes of Corporation Theories in the Church's 'Concilar Theory.'.

6. The Italien Renaissance and Machiavelli's Political Theory.

The Italien City-States Compared with Other European Cities.

The Unconventional AIms of this VChapter.

Communal Discourses and Citizenship.

Community, Civitas, Ranked Citizenship and Local Patriotisms.

The Involvement of Citizens in Late Thirteenth-century Communal Government.

The Communal Ideal and the Menace of Factions.

The Evolution of the Florentine Governing Class.

Who Wanted to Play an Active Role in Fifteenth-century Florentine Government?.

Humanism and Humanist Conceptions of Florentine Republicanism.

Fifteenth-century Florentine Ideology.

Niccolo Machiavelli.

Machiavelli's Political Morality.

Founding and Maintaining the 'Stato'.

The Fixity of Man's Nature.

Character Formation.

The 'Fit' Between Character and the Times.

Fortune.

The Impetuous Prince Who Must Learn How Not to Have Fixed Dispositions.

Learn to Imitate Foxes and Lions.

Machiavelli's 'Popular' Government: His Views of the Popolo.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Index.