Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume 2: Social Factors

Notational Conventions.

Part I: The Speech Community.

1. The Darwinian Paradox.

The Social Effects of Language Change.

The Parallels Between Biological and Linguistic Evolution.

Earlier Proposals for the Causes of Sound Change.

Differend Kinds of Sound Change.

The Narrow Interface between Language and Society.

The Social Location of the Innovators.

Individual, Group, Community.

2. The Study of Linguistic Change and Variation in Philadelphia:.

Sampling the Community.

The City of Philadelphia.

The Exploratory Phase.

The Neighborhood Study.

The Telephone Survey.

3. Stable Sociolinguistic Variables:.

The Necessary Background for the Study of Change in Progress.

Variables to be Examined in this Chapter.

The Stability of the Stable Variables.

The Sociolinguistic Sample of Philadelphia.

Cross-tabulation of (dh), Class, and Style.

Cross-tabulation by Age.

Cross-tabulations by Age and Social Class.

Second Regression Analysis.

An Exploration of Social Class Indicators.

Conclusion.

4. The Philadelphia Vowel System.

The Philadelphia Dialect Area.

A General Framework for the Description of the Philadelphia Vowel System.

Earlier Records of the Philadelphia Vowel System.

The Philadelphia Vowel System in the 1970's.

Development of Sound Changes in Apparent Time.

Part II: Social Class, Gender, Neighborhood, and Ethnicity.

5. Location of the Leaders in the Socioeconomic Hierarchy:.

The Data Set.

Accuracy and Sources of Error.

First Regression: Age Correlations.

First Tabulation of Social Class.

Second Regression: Age and Social Class.

Third Regression: Re-analyzing the Age Dimension.

The Centralization of (ay) before Voiceless Consonants.

The Telephone Survey.

Components of the Socioeconomic Index.

An Overview.

Further Observations of Class Distributions.

The Curvilinear Pattern and the Causes of Change.

Are Sound Changes Part of an Adaptive Process?.

6. Subjective Dimensions of Change in Progress.

Field Methods for the Study of Subjective Reactions to Language Change.

The Philadelphia Self-Report Test.

The Philadelphia Subjective Reaction Test.

7. Neighborhood and Ethnicity.

The Relation of Local Differentiation to Linguistic Change.

The Belfast Neighborhoods.

The Relation of Neighborhood to Social Class in Philadelphia.

Results of the Fourth Regression Analysis: Adding Neighborhoods.

An Overview of Neighborhood Effects.

Ethnicity.

(r) in Philadelphia.

Other Unexplained Adstratum Effects.

Ethnic Effects on Philadelphia Vowel Change.

The Role of the Neighborhood and Ethnicity in Linguistic Change.

8. The Gender Paradox:.

Gender Differentiation of Stable Sociolinguistic Variables in Philadelphia.

The General Linguistic Conformity of Women.

Gender Differentiation of Changes from Below.

9. The Intersection of Gender, Age, and Social Class.

The Case of (ay0).

Developments of Time by Gender.

A Gender-Asymmetrical Model of Linguistic Change.

Nearly Completed and Middle-Range Changes in Philadelphia.

The Punctuating Events.

The Male-Dominated Variable: (ay0).

Conclusion.

Part III: The Leaders of Linguistic Change:.

10. Social Networks.

The Sociolinguistic Use of Social Networks.

Social Networks in Belfast.

Social Networks in Philadelphia.

The Two-Step Flow of Influence.

A General View of Fashion and Fashion Leaders.

Who Leads the Leaders?.

11. Resolving the Gender Paradox.

The Conformity Paradox.

The Strategy of this Chapter: Combining Stable Variables with Changes in Progress.

Correlations between Stable Sociolinguistic Variables and Changes in Progress.

The Relation of (dha) to Linguistic Changes for Women of Different Social Classes.

Combined Male and Female Analysis.

Incremental and Saccadic Leaders.

12. Portraits of the Leaders.

Celeste S.

Teresa M.

The Corcorans.

Rick Corcoran.

Individuals as Regression Variables.

The Leaders of Palatalization in Cairo Arabic.

The Leaders of Linguistic Change.

Part IV: Transmission, Incrementation, and Continuation.

13. Transmission.

The Transmission Problem.

The Transmission of Stable Sociolinguistic Variables.

The Transmission of Change.

Directional Language Change Among Philadelphia Children.

Transmission Among Adolescents in Detroit.

14. Incrementation.

Stabilization.

A Model of Linear Sound Change.

15. Continuation:.

Continued Change in the Philadelphia Dialect.

The Incrementation of Sound Change in North America.

16. Conclusion:.

The Linguistic Basis for Continuation.

The Social Location of the Leaders of Change.

Tramsmission and Incrementation.

The Social Basis of Linguistic Change.

Global Polarities of Socially Motivated Projection.

Afterword.

References.

Index.