A Grammar of Old English, Volume 2: Morphology

Preface x

Acknowledgments xii

List of abbreviations xiii

1 Preliminaries 1

2 Nouns: Stem Classes 7

I Early backgrounds (§§1–9) 7

II Vocalic stems (§§10–77) 14

1 a-stem nouns (§§10–33) 14

(a) Simple a-stems (§§11–18) 14

(b) ja-stems (§§19–26) 18

(c) wa-stems (§§27–33) 22

2 d-stem nouns (§§34 –54) 26

(a) Simple d-stems (§§35– 44) 26

(b) jd-stems (§§45–51) 32

(c) wd-stems (§§52– 4) 36

3 i-stem nouns (§§55–70) 37

4 u-stem nouns (§§71–7) 46

III Consonantal stems (§§78–114) 48

1 n-stem nouns (§§78–90) 48

(a) dn-stems (§§80–7) 49

(b) cn-stems (§§88–90) 54

2 r-stem nouns (§§91– 4) 55

3 s-stem nouns (§§95–101) 58

4 þ-stem nouns (§§102–3) 61

5 nd-stem nouns (§§104 –8) 62

6 Root-stem nouns (§§109–14) 64

3 Nouns: Declensions 69

I Introduction (§§1–6) 69

II as-declension (§§7–72) 72

1 Inflexions (§§8–11) 73

2 Allomorphic variation (§§12–72) 75

(a) Restoration of A (§§14 –17) 76

(b) Palatalization (§§18–20) 77

(c) Back umlaut (§§21– 4) 78

(d) Loss of [h] (§§25–9) 80

(e) Devoicing (§§30–1) 83

(f) Nominative singular in -e (§§32–8) 83

(g) Geminate consonants (§§39– 41) 86

(h) Nominative singular in -u (§42) 88

(i) Nominative singular in -w (§§43–9) 88

(j) Apocope (§§50–1) 92

(k) Double plurals (§§52–5) 93

(l) Disyllabic nouns (§§56–72) 95

III a-declension (§§73–104) 109

1 Inflexions (§§74 –80) 109

2 Allomorphic variation (§§81–104) 112

(a) Restoration of A (§§83– 4) 113

(b) Palatalization (§85) 114

(c) Back umlaut (§§86–7) 114

(d) Loss of [h] and final devoicing (§§88–9) 115

(e) Geminate consonants (§§90–1) 116

(f) Stem-final /w/ (§§92– 4) 117

(g) Apocope (§§95–9) 119

(h) Disyllabic nouns (§§100– 4) 122

IV an-declension (§§105–16) 124

1 Inflexions (§§106–15) 124

2 Allomorphic variation (§116) 129

V Minor declensions (§§117–31) 129

1 Minor a-plurals (§§117–21) 129

2 Mutation plurals (§§122–7) 132

3 Miscellanea (§§128–31) 136

VI Gender and declension (§§132– 43) 138

1 Gender (§§133–9) 138

2 Declension (§§140–3) 142

VII Nominal compounding (§§144 –7) 143

4 Adjectives, Adverbs and Numerals 146

I Introduction (§§1–3) 146

II Indefinite (strong) adjectives (§§4 –56) 147

1 Historical origins (§§4 –8) 147

2 Inflexions (§§9–20) 149

3 Allomorphic variation (§§21–56) 154

(a) Restoration of A (§§22– 4) 154

(b) Loss of [x] (§§25–30) 155

(c) Nominative singular in -e (§§31–5) 159

(d) Geminate consonants (§§36–7) 162

(e) Nominative singular masculine in -u (§§38–9) 162

(f) Nominative singular in -w (§40) 163

(g) Apocope (§§41–3) 164

(h) Disyllabic and polysyllabic stems (§§44 –52) 165

(i) Past participles (§§53–6) 171

III Definite (weak) adjectives (§§57–60) 172

1 Historical origins and inflexions (§§57–9) 172

2 Allomorphic variation (§60) 173

IV Comparison of adjectives (§§61–75) 174

1 Historical origins (§§61– 4) 174

2 Variation in Old English (§§65–75) 177

V Adverbs (§§76–9) 183

VI Numerals (§§80–91) 185

1 Cardinals (§§80–9) 185

2 Ordinals (§§90–1) 189

5 Pronouns 191

I Introduction (§§1–2) 191

II Demonstrative pronouns (§§3–13) 192

III The anaphoric pronoun (§§14 –17) 197

IV Interrogative pronouns (§§18–21) 200

V Personal pronouns (§§22–32) 202

VI Indefinite pronouns (§§33–7) 207

VII Other pronominal types (§§38–9) 209

6 Verbs 210

I Early background (§§1–5) 210

II Strong verbs (§§6–76) 213

1 Inflexions (§§6–30) 213

(a) Indicative present (§§11–20) 216

(b) Indicative preterite (§§21–2) 222

(c) Subjunctive (§§23–5) 223

(d) Imperative (§26) 224

(e) Non-finite forms (§§27–30) 224

2 Stems (§§31–76) 225

(a) Ablaut patterns (§§33–6) 227

(b) Variant stem types (§§37– 42) 231

(i) Weak presents (§37) 231

(ii) Contracted verbs (§§38– 41) 231

(iii) Alternations under Verner’s Law (§42) 234

(c) Classes of strong verbs (§§43–76) 234

(i) Class 1 (§§43–6) 234

(ii) Class 2 (§§47–50) 236

(iii) Class 3 (§§51–7) 239

(iv) Class 4 (§§58–60) 243

(v) Class 5 (§§61– 4) 246

(vi) Class 6 (§§65–8) 248

(vii) Class 7 (§§69–76) 251

III Weak verbs (§§77–130) 258

1 Weak class I (§§78–103) 258

(a) Inflexions (§§80–8) 260

 (b) Stems (§§89–103) 265

(i) Stems with original geminate (§92) 266

(ii) Stems in dental consonant (§§93–5) 267

(iii) Stems in original final sonorant (§§96–8) 268

(iv) Contracted verbs with loss of [h] (§99) 272

(v) Stems in final velar consonant (§§100–3) 273

2 Weak class II (§§104 –20) 279

(a) Inflexions (§§106–13) 279

(b) Stems (§§114 –20) 284

3 Weak class III (§§121–30) 289

(a) Inflexions (§122–26) 290

(b) Stems (§§127–30) 294

IV Preterite-present verbs (§§131– 44) 299

1 Inflexion and classes (§§132– 40) 300

(a) Classes 1 and 2 (§§133– 4) 300

(b) Class 3 (§§135–6) 302

(c) Classes 4 and 5 (§§137–8) 303

(d) Classes 6 and 7 (§§139– 40) 305

2 Historical development (§§141– 4) 306

V Athematic verbs (§§145–63) 308

1 The verb bbon, wesan (§§146–51) 309

2 The verb ddn (§§152–5) 314

3 The verb gan (§§156–9) 317

4 The verb willan (§§160–3) 320

References 323

Word index 342

Subject index 383