Photonics and Lasers: An Introduction

PART I: PROPAGATION OF LIGHT.

1. Overview.

1-1 Photonics Defined.

1-2 Fiber Optic Communications.

1-3 Overview of Topics.

2. Review of Optics.

2-1 The Nature of Light.

2-2 Light at a Boundary.

2-3 Light Passing through.

2-4 Imaging Optics.

3. Planar Waveguides.

3-1 Waveguide Modes.

3-2 Mode Chart.

3-3 Dispersion.

4. Cylindrical Waveguides.

4-1 Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture.

4-2 Cylindrical Waveguide.

5. Losses in Optical Fibers.

5-1 Absorption Loss.

5-2 Scattering.

5-3 Bending Losses.

6. Dispersion in Optical Fibers.

6-1 Graded Index Fiber.

6-2 Intramodal Dispersion.

7. Fiber Connections and Diagnostics.

7-1 Fiber Connections.

7-2 Losses in Fiber Connections.

7-3 Fiber Loss Diagnostics.

8. Photonic Crystal Optics.

8-1 1-D Photonic Crystals.

8-2 2-D Photonic Crystals.

8-3 3-D Photonic Crystals.

9. Nonlinear Optics.

9-1 Fundamental Mechanisms.

9-2 Frequency Conversion.

9-3 Nonlinear Refractive Index.

9-4 Electro-optic Effects.

PART II: GENERATION AND DETECTTION OF LIGHT.

10. Review of Semiconductor Physics.

10-1 Uniform Semiconductors.

10-2 Layered Semiconductors.

11. Light Sources.

11-1 The LED.

11-2 The Laser Diode.

12. Light Source to Waveguide Coupling Efficiency.

12-1 Point Source.

12-2 Lambertian Source.

12-3 Laser Source.

13. Optical Detectors.

13-1 Thermal Detectors.

13-2 Photon Detectors.

13-3 Noise in Photon Detectors.

Part 2 Generation and Detection of Light.

14. Photodiode Detectors .

14-1 Biasing the Photodiode.

14-2 Output Saturation.

14-3 Response Time.

14-4 Types of Photodiodes.

14-5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio.

14-6 Detector Circuits.

PART 3: LASER LIGHT.

15. Lasers and Coherent Light.

15-1 Overview of Laser.

15-2 Optical Coherence.

16. Optical Resonators.

16-1 Mode Frequencies.

16-2 Mode Width.

16-3 Fabry-Perot Interferometer.

17. Gaussian Beam Optics.

17-1 Gaussian Beams in Free.

17-2 Gaussian Beams in a Laser.

17-3 Gaussian Beams Passing.

18. Stimulated Emission and Optical Gain.

18-1 Transition Rates.

18-2 Optical Gain.

19. Optical Amplifiers.

19-1 Gain Coefficient.

19-2 Total Gain of Amplifier.

20. Laser Oscillation.

20-1 Threshold Condition.

20-2 Above Lasing Threshold.

21. CW Laser Characteristics.

21-1 Mode Spectrum of Laser.

21-2 Controlling the Laser.

22. Pulsed Lasers.

22-1 Uncontrolled Pulsing.

22-2 Pulsed Pump.

22-3 Theory of Q-Switching.

22-4 Methods of Q-Switching.

22-5 Theory of Mode Locking.

22-6 Methods of Mode Locking.

23 Survey of Laser Types.

PART 4: LIGHT-BASED COMMUNICATIONS.

23-1 Optically Pumped Lasers.

23-2 Electrically Pumped Lasers.

24 Optical Communications.

24-1 Fiber Optic CommunicationsSystems.

24-2 Signal Multiplexing.

24-3 Power Budget in Fiber Optic.

24-4 Optical Amplifiers.

24-5 Free-Space Optics.

Bibliography.

Appendix A: Solid Angle and the Brightness Theorem.

Appendix B: Fourier Synthesis and the Uncertainty Relation.

List of Symbols.

Index.