Egress Design Solutions: A Guide to Evacuation and Crowd Management Planning

Acknowledgments.

Introduction.

St. Lawrence University Laboratory Building.

Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport.

International Finance Center.

Overview.

Myths and Misconceptions.

Summary.

References.

Part 1.  Background.

1. Building Codes and Regulations.

History and Overview of Building and Fire Codes in the United States.

Model Codes.

Scope of Building and Fire Codes.

Application of Building and Fire Codes.

Responsibilities.

ICC Codes and Egress.

NFPA Codes.

Evolution to Performance-Based Codes.

Looking to the Future.

References.

Recommended Reading.

2. Historic Events.

Iroquois Theater, Chicago, Illinois, 1903.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, New York, New York, 1911.

Italian Hall Disaster, Calumet, Michigan, 1913.

Rhythm Club, Natchez, Mississippi, 1940.

Cocoanut Grove Nightclub Fire, Boston, Massachusetts, 1942.

Ringling Brothers, Barnum & Bailey Circus Tent Fire, Hartford, Connecticut, 1944.

Our Lady of Angels School Fire, Chicago, Illinois, 1958.

Hartford Hospital Fire, Hartford, Connecticut, 1961.

Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire, Southgate, Kentucky, 1977.

The Who Concert, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1979.

MGM Grand Fire, Las Vegas, Nevada, 1980.

Dupont Plaza, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1986.

World Trade Center Bombing, New York, New York, 1993.

World Trade Center Collapse, New York, New York, 2001.

E2 Nightclub, Chicago, Illinois, 2003.

The Station Nightclub Fire, West Warwick, Rhode Island, 2003.

Cook County Administration Building, Chicago, Illinois, 2003.

Summary.

References.

Recommended Reading.

Part 2.  Egress System Fundamentals

3. Egress Strategies.

Egress System Goals and Objectives.

General Egress Strategies.

Designing for Occupants with Disabilities.

Prescribed Performance.

Emerging Egress Strategies.

Performance-Based Approaches.

Selecting and Evaluating Options.

Summary.

References.

Recommended Reading.

4. Prescriptive Egress Concepts.

Fundamentals.

Occupant Load.

Exit Access.

Exit Components.

Exit Discharge.

Assembly Occupancies.

Summary.

References.

Recommended Reading.

5. Supporting Systems.

Systems Approach.

Accessibility.

Security.

Control of Combustibles.

Structural Integrity.

Fire Rating.

Construction Type.

Fire Resistance.

Compartmentation.

Floors.

Walls.

Doors.

Detection Systems.

Occupant Notification.

Suppression Systems.

Smoke Management Systems.

Back-Up Power.

Evacuation Using Elevators.

Types of Elevators.

References.

Recommended Reading.

Part 3. Human Behavior and Performance Concepts.

6. Human Behavior Considerations for Egress System Design.

People–Building–Event Interaction.

Occupant Characterization.

Occupant Reaction and Response in Emergency Situations.

Human Behavior and Crowds.

Using Occupant Risk Factors to Aid Egress System Design.

Summary.

References.

Recommended Reading.

7. Performance Egress Concepts.

Performance Egress Overview.

Tenability Criteria.

Hazards.

Safety Factors and Uncertainties.

Evacuation Time Calculation Overview.

Limitations with Engineering Calculations.

Designing for Elevator Evacuation.

References.

Recommended Reading.

Part 4. Evacuation Planning and Design

8. Evacuation Planning and Crowd Management.

Evacuation Planning Overview.

Evacuation Plan Development.

Typical Challenges with Evacuation Plans.

Roles and Responsibilities during Incidents.

Evacuation Drilling and Training.

Crowd Management Planning.

Summary.

References.

Recommended Reading.

9. Design Solutions.

Airport Terminals.

Air Traffic Control Towers.

Arenas, Stadia, and Sports Facilities.

Convention and Exhibit Centers.

Courthouses.

Detention and Correctional Facilities.

Day-Care, Adult-Care, and Assisted-Living Facilities.

Hazardous Occupancies.

Health-Care Facilities.

Historic and Existing Buildings.

Museums and Libraries.

Performing Arts Centers.

Rail Stations and Platforms.

Rail and Road Tunnels.

Retail Facilities.

Tall Buildings.

Summary.

References.

Recommended Reading.

Appendix.

About the Authors.

Index.