The Building Environment: Active and Passive Control Systems, 3rd Edition

Preface ix

Introduction xiii

PART 1 THERMAL CONTROL CONCEPTS 1

Chapter 1 Human Comfort and Health Requirements 3

Human Physiology 5

Heat Balance 7

Metabolism 13

Clothing 14

Environmental Factors 16

Thermal Comfort Standards 21

Temperature and Humidity Extremes 28

Air Quality and Quantity 30

Chapter 2 Thermodynamic Principles 39

Heat Transfer 40

Psychrometrics 47

Chapter 3 Thermal Dynamics of Buildings 57

Heat Gain and Loss 58

Thermal Mass Dynamics 69

Moisture Problems 72

Chapter 4 Load Calculations 79

Heating and Cooling Loads 80

Selecting Design Temperature and Humidity Conditions 85

Solar Gain Through Fenestration 87

Heat Transmission Through the Building Envelope 95

Internal Loads 100

Outside Air 104

Annual Energy Use Calculations 106

PART 2 THERMAL CONTROL SYSTEMS 117

Chapter 5 A Building’s Impact on the Environment 119

Ozone Depletion 119

Global Warming 120

Energy Conservation 122

Green Design/Sustainable Design 122

Case Study 134

Chapter 6 Active HVAC Systems 139

Central Heat Sources 145

Central Cooling Sources 161

Distribution Media 171

Delivery Devices 184

Localized Exhaust Systems 197

Heat Recovery 199

Thermal Storage 200

Automatic Controls 203

Noise and Vibration 205

District Heating and Cooling 206

Chapter 7 Passive Methods 213

Load Reductions 214

Passive Solar Heating 235

Passive Cooling 241

Case Study 246

PART 3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 251

Chapter 8 Lighting 253

Principles of Illumination 257

Electrical Lighting 261

Daylighting 276

Emergency Lighting 285

Outdoor Lighting 285

Chapter 9 Normal Electrical Service 289

Loads 292

Service Entrance 296

Interior Distribution 302

Battery Power Supply 308

Utility Demand Management 310

Chapter 10 On-Site Power Generation 315

Thermal-Source Generation 316

Wind Turbines 323

Solar Photovoltaic Cells 326

Hydropower 328

Chapter 11 Special Systems 335

Signal Systems 335

Conveying Systems 340

PART 4 OTHER PIPED SYSTEMS 353

Chapter 12 Plumbing Systems 355

Water Supply 356

Plumbing Fixtures 360

Sanitary Piping 370

Stormwater Drainage 375

Chapter 13 Fire Protection 383

Detection and Alarm Systems 384

Exits: Means of Egress 389

Compartmentation 391

Smoke Control 393

Fire Suppression 399

PART 5 RELATED SUPPORT SERVICES 409

Chapter 14 Architectural Acoustics 411

Sound Theory 412

Room Acoustics 415

Sound Isolation 421

Chapter 15 Building Commissioning 433

The Commissioning Plan 434

Applicable Systems and Equipment 435

Chapter 16 Design Economics 437

Payback Period 438

Life-Cycle Cost 440

Rate of Return 446

Comparative Value Analysis 447

Other Considerations 448

Appendix 453

Index 565