Sleep: A Comprehensive Handbook

Preface xi

Contributors xxvii

Part I The Science of Sleep Medicine 1

1 Normal Human Sleep 3
Anil Natesan Rama, S. Charles Cho, and Clete A. Kushida

2 The Neurobiology of Sleep 11
Gerald A. Marks

3 Physiologic Processes During Sleep 19
Leon Rosenthal

4 Biological Rhythms and Sleep 25
Robert Y. Moore

5 Biology of Dreaming 31
Milton Kramer

6 Psychology of Dreaming 37
Milton Kramer

7 The Function of Sleep 45
Marcos G. Frank

8 The Evolution of Sleep: A Phylogenetic Approach 49
John A. Lesku, Niels C. Rattenborg, and Charles J. Amlaner, Jr.

9 Neuropharmacology of Sleep and Wakefulness 63
Edgar Garcia-Rill, Tiffany Wallace, and Cameron Good

10 Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders 73
Maurice M. Ohayon and Christian Guilleminault

11 Classification of Sleep Disorders 83
Andrew L. Chesson, Jr.

Part II Insomnia 91

12 Insomnia: Prevalence and Daytime Consequences 93
W. David Brown

13 Causes of Insomnia 99
Edward J. Stepanski

14 Medications that Can Cause Insomnia 103
Carolyn H. Welsh and Randolph V. Fugit

15 Fatal Familial Insomnia 111
Charles A. Polnitsky

16 Evaluation of Insomnia 117
Douglas E. Moul and Daniel J. Buysse

17 Pharmacologic Therapy of Insomnia 125
Teofilo Lee-Chiong and Michael Sateia

18 Nonpharmacologic Therapy of Insomnia 133
Melanie K. Means and Jack D. Edinger

Part III Excessive Sleepiness 137

19 Sleep Deprivation and Its Effects on Cognitive Performance 139
Jillian Dorrian and David F. Dinges

20 Narcolepsy 145
Rafael Pelayo and Maria Cecilia Lopes

21 Idiopathic Hypersomnia 151
Stephen N. Brooks

22 Post-traumatic and Recurrent Hypersomnia 157
Carolyn M. D’Ambrosio and Joshua Baron

23 Sleeping Sickness 163
Alain Buguet, Florian Chapotot, Raymond Cespuglio, Sylvie Bisser, and Bernard Bouteille

24 Medications that Induce Sleepiness 175
J. F. Pagel

25 Evaluation of Excessive Sleepiness 183
Merrill S. Wise

26 Therapy for Excessive Sleepiness 191
Max Hirshkowitz

27 Napping 197
Masaya Takahashi and Kosuke Kaida

28 Sleep Loss, Sleepiness, Performance, and Safety 203
Roger R. Rosa

Part IV Sleep Disordered Breathing Syndromes 209

29 Physiology of Sleep Disordered Breathing 211
B. Tucker Woodson

30 Snoring 223
Eric J. Olson and John G. Park

31 Overview of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults 231
Mark H. Sanders and Rachel J. Givelber

32 Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome 241
Robert D. Ballard

33 Central Sleep Apnea 249
S. Javaheri

34 Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome 263
John G. Park

35 Cardiovascular Complications of Obstructive Sleep Apnea 267
Peter Y. Hahn, Lyle J. Olson, and Virend K. Somers

36 Pulmonary Hypertension and Sleep Disordered Breathing 275
Brooke G. Judd

37 Neurocognitive and Functional Impairment in Obstructive Sleep Apnea 279
W. David Brown

38 Sleep Apnea and Cerebrovascular Disease 287
Vahid Mohsenin and Henry Yaggi

39 Radiographic and Endoscopic Evaluation of the Upper Airway 293
Richard J. Schwab and Neil S. Kline

40 Evaluation of Sleep Disordered Breathing: Polysomnography 303
Reena Mehra and Kingman P. Strohl

41 Evaluation of Sleep Disordered Breathing 2: Portable Sleep Monitoring 317
Michael R. Littner

42 Indications for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults 331
Nilesh B. Davé and Patrick J. Strollo

43 Medical Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Life-Style Changes, Weight Reduction, and Postural Therapy 337
Sheldon Kapen

44 Pharmacological Treatment of Sleep Disordered Breathing 347
David W. Hudgel

45 Positive Airway Pressure Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea 355
Max Hirshkowitz and Teofilo Lee-Chiong

46 Upper Airway Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea 365
Aaron E. Sher

47 Oral Devices Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea 373
Dennis R. Bailey

Part V Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders 381

48 Advanced, Delayed, Irregular, and Free-Running Sleep–Wake Disorders 383
Yaron Dagan, Katy Borodkin, and Liat Ayalon

49 Jet Lag 389
Timothy H. Monk

50 Shift Work Sleep Disorder 395
Gary S. Richardson

51 Neurological and Medical Disorders Associated with Circadian Rhythm Disturbances 401
Ramadevi Gourineni and Phyllis C. Zee

52 Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Circadian Rhythm Disturbances 409
Stephany Jones and Ruth M. Benca

53 Therapy of Circadian Sleep Disorders 415
Robert Sack and Kyle Johnson

Part VI Parasomnias 423

54 Disorders of Arousal and Sleep-Related Movement Disorders 425
Keith Cavanaugh and Norman R. Friedman

55 Sleepwalking 429
Rosalind D. Cartwright

56 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and REM-Related Parasomnias 435
Maja Tippmann-Peikert, Timothy I. Morgenthaler, Bradley F. Boeve, and Michael H. Silber

57 Nocturnal Enuresis in Children 443
Marie-Josèphe Challamel and Pierre Cochat

58 Sleep Bruxism 449
Gaby Bader

59 Sleep-Related Eating Disorders 457
R. Robert Auger and Timothy I. Morgenthaler

60 Other Parasomnias 463
Asher Qureshi

Part VII Movement Disorders 471

61 Restless Legs Syndrome 473
Philip M. Becker

62 Periodic Limb Movement Disorder 483
Basheer Y. Khassawneh

Part VIII Sleep in Infants and Children 487

63 Ontogeny of EEG Sleep from Neonatal Through Infancy Periods 489
Mark S. Scher

64 Sleep in Infants and Children 507
Stephen H. Sheldon

65 Sleep and Breathing During Early Postnatal Life 511
Aviv D. Goldbart, Riva Tauman, and David Gozal

66 Congenital Syndromes Affecting Respiratory Control During Sleep 517
Manisha B. Witmans, Maida L. Chen, Sally L. Davidson Ward, and Thomas G. Keens

67 Sudden Infant Deaths 529
A. Kahn, P. Franco, J. Groswasser, S. Scaillet, B. Dan, I. Kato, T. Sawaguchi, and I. Kelmanson

68 Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children 535
Preetam Bandla and Carole L. Marcus

69 The Sleepless Child 541
William H. Moorcroft

70 The Sleepy Child 547
Gerald Rosen

71 Craniofacial Syndromes and Sleep Disorders 551
Laurel M. Wills, James Q. Swift, and Karlind T. Moller

72 Medical Disorders 561
John M. Palmer and Lee J. Brooks

73 Sleep in Children with Neurological Disorders 567
Suresh Kotagal

74 Sleep in Children with Neuromuscular Disease 575
Deborah C. Givan

75 Sleep in Children with Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders 581
Judith A. Owens and Katherine Finn Davis

76 Circadian Rhythm Disorders in Infants, Children, and Adolescents 589
John H. Herman

Part IX Sleep in the Elderly 597

77 Normal Sleep in Aging 599
Liat Ayalon and Sonia Ancoli-Israel

78 Sleep Disordered Breathing in Older Adults 605
Nalaka Gooneratne

79 Insomnia and Aging 611
Leah Friedman

80 Sleep in Institutionalized Older Adults 615
Jennifer L. Martin and Cathy A. Alessi

Part X Sleep Among Women 621

81 Patterns of Sleep in Women: An Overview 623
Helen S. Driver

82 Sleep During Pregnancy and Postpartum 629
Kathryn A. Lee

83 Menstrual-Related Sleep Disorders 637
Grace W. Pien and Elizabeth A. Beothy

84 Sleep Disordered Breathing in Women 643
M. Safwan Badr

85 Sleep During the Perimenopausal Period 651
Naomi L. Rogers and Ronald R. Grunstein

86 Sleep During Postmenopause 657
Karen E. Moe

Part XI Sleep in the Respiratory Disorders 661

87 Respiratory Control During Sleep 663
William R. Krimsky and James C. Leiter

88 Asthma 669
David A. Beuther and Richard J. Martin

89 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Sleep 677
Conrad Iber

90 Sleep and Breathing in Cystic Fibrosis 685
Amanda J. Piper, Maree A. Milross, and Peter T.P. Bye

91 Restrictive Thoracic and Neuromuscular Disorders 693
Christophe Perrin, Carolyn D’Ambrosio, Alexander White, Erik Garpestad, and Nicholas S. Hill

92 Noninvasive Ventilation and Sleep 705
G. Liistro and D. Rodenstein

Part XII Sleep in the Cardiac Disorders 711

93 Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease 713
Robert D. Ballard

94 Congestive Heart Failure 721
Emilio Mazza and Indira Gurubhagavatula

95 Cardiac Arrhythmias and Sudden Death During Sleep 727
Richard L. Verrier and Mark E. Josephson

Part XIII Sleep in the Other Medical Disorders 733

96 Sleep and the Gastrointestinal Tract 735
William C. Orr

97 Renal Disease 741
Kathy P. Parker

98 Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders and Sleep 745
Alexandros N. Vgontzas, Slobodanka Pejovic, and George P. Chrousos

99 Sleep in Fibromyalgia and Chronic Pain 759
Susan M. Harding and Teofilo Lee-Chiong

100 Sleep and the Immune Response 767
James M. Krueger and Jeannine A. Majde

Part XIV Sleep in the Neurologic Disorders 773

101 Alzheimer’s Dementia 775
Michael V. Vitiello

102 Neurodegenerative Disorders 783
David G. Harper

103 Parkinson’s Disease 789
Michael H. Silber

104 Seizures 793
Margaret N. Shouse

105 Headaches and Sleep 805
Glen P. Greenough

106 Cerebrovascular Disorders 809
Bishoy Labib and Sarkis M. Nazarian

107 Brain and Spinal Cord Injury 817
Richard J. Castriotta

108 The Blind Patient 823
Damien Leger and Arnaud Metlaine

Part XV Sleep in the Psychiatric Disorders 827

109 Schizophrenia 829
Rachel J. Norwood and Teofilo Lee-Chiong

110 Mood Disorders 837
Roseanne Armitage

111 Anxiety Disorders and Sleep 845
Michael Weissberg

Appendix 851

112 Trauma and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder 857
Giora Pillar, Louise Harder, and Atul Malhotra

113 Alcohol, Alcoholism, and Sleep 867
Maren Hyde, Timothy Roehrs, and Thomas Roth

114 Drugs of Abuse and Sleep 873
Maren Hyde, Timothy Roehrs, and Thomas Roth

Part XVI Sleep in Special Patient Groups 879

115 Sleep and the Caregiver 881
Patricia A. Carter

116 Sleep in Patients with HIV Disease 885
Suzan E. Jaffe

117 The Patient with Cancer 893
Christine A. Engstrom

118 Sleep in the Intensive Care Unit 899
Samuel L. Krachman and Wissam Chatila

119 Sleep and the Cardiac Surgery Patient 909
Nancy S. Redeker and Christine Hedges

120 Sleep Disturbances After Noncardiac Surgery 913
Ismail Gögenur and Jacob Rosenberg

121 Relevance of Anesthesiology for Sleep Medicine 927
Ralph Lydic and Helen A. Baghdoyan

122 Sleep at High Altitudes 933
Wissam Chatila and Samuel Krachman

123 Sleep and Aviation 939
John A. Caldwell

124 Sleep, Exercise, and Sports 947
Carol A. Enderlin and Kathy C. Richards

125 Sleep, Sleep Loss, and Circadian Influences on Performance and Professionalism of Health Care Workers 953
Sigrid Carlen Veasey

126 The Student with Sleep Complaints 959
Jagdeep Bijwadia and Donn Dexter

Part XVII Sleep Assessment Methods 965

127 The Sleep Interview and Sleep Questionnaires 967
Charles J. Bae and Joseph A. Golish

128 Polysomnography 973
Nancy A. Collop

129 Pediatric Polysomnography 977
May L. Griebel and Linda K. Moyer

130 Introduction to Sleep Electroencephalography 989
Selim R. Benbadis

131 Monitoring Respiration During Sleep 1025
Ulysses J. Magalang, Rami Khayat, and Naeem Ali

132 Recording and Monitoring Limb Movements During Sleep 1031
Crintz E. Scott

133 Actigraphy 1035
Christine Acebo

134 pH Monitoring and Other Esophageal Tests 1039
Gary R. Cott

135 Psychological Assessment of the Sleep Patient 1045
Amy B. Robinson Ikelheimer and Brian Hoyt

136 Operating and Managing a Sleep Disorders Center 1051
Richard S. Rosenberg

137 Accrediting a Sleep Program 1055
Donna Arand

Index 1059