Waste Containment Systems, Waste Stabilization, and Landfills: Design and Evaluation

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Regulatory Framework 1

1.2 Environmental Engineering, Waste Disposal, and Containment Issues 15

2 Waste Characterization and Soil-Waste Interaction 19

2.1 Composition of Wastes 19

2.2 Chemical and Biochemical Reactions Within and Below a Waste Disposal site 37

2.3 Soil-Waste Interactions 45

2.4 Engineering Properties of Wastes 62

3 Geosynthetics in Waste Containment and Cover Systems 71

3.1 Geomembranes 71

3.2 Geotextiles 109

3.3 Geonets and Geocomposite Drainage Nets 133

3.4 Geogrids 137

3.5 Geosynthetic Clay Liners 140

3.6 Soil Geosynthetic Friction Tests 143

4 Low-Permeability Liner and Drainage Materials 158

4.1 Hydraulic Conductivity 158

4.2 Laboratory Hydraulic Conductivity Testing 171

4.3 Field Hydraulic Conductivity Testing 180

4.4 Low-Permeability Compacted Clay Liners 192

4.5 Low-Permeability Admixed (Amended) Soil Liners 209

4.6 Drainage (Soil) Materials 211

5 Containment Transport: Advection-Dispersion flow Through Low-Permeability Soils 219

5.1 Contaminant Transport in Soils 219

5.2 Determination of Parameters 232

5.3 Methods for Calculating Containment Migration 240

5.4 Significance of Diffusion in Containment Transport Through Fine-Grained Materials 252

5.5 Case Study: Field Monitoring 256

6 Sludge Solidification and Stabilization 267

6.1 Terminology and Regulatory Requirements 267

6.2 Physical and Chemical Tests for Regulatory Compliance 272

6.3 Treatment Methods 288

6.4 Solidification/Stabilization Methods 293

6.5 Construction Methods 305

6.6 Safety, Quality Control, and Closure 314

7 Vertical Barriers: Slurry Walls 321

7.1 Introduction 321

7.2 Trench-Slurry Interaction 325

7.3 Permeability, Compatibility, and Strength of the Barrier Walls  330

7.4 Construction 339

7.5 Specifications 360

7.6 Construction Quality Control and Quality Assurance 366

8 Liner Systems for Landfills and Surface Impoundments 368

8.1 Introduction 368

8.2 Lining Systems: Overview 369

8.3 Containment Lining systems 384

8.4 Cover Lining systems 420

8.5 Specifications 429

8.6 Construction Quality Assurance 436

9 Leachate Collection and Removal Systems 441

9.1 Introduction 441

9.2 LCRS Design 443

9.3 LCRS Analysis 452

9.4 Construction, Specification, and CQA 509

10 Stability Analyses and Design 515

10.1 Introduction 515

Section I: Analytical Methods 516

10.2 Limit Equilibrium Methods 516

10.3 Finite-Element Analyses 532

10.4 Seismic Stability Analyses 534

Section II: Design Applications 543

10.5 Typical Landfill Configuration 543

10.6 Excavation Slope Stability 546

10.7 Refuse Fill Stability 549

10.8 Cover System Stability 557

10.9 Seismic Stability 560

Appendix A Inspector’s Checklist: Slurry Walls 565

Appendix B Settlement Analyses 568

B.1 Foundation Settlement 568

B.2 Refuse Settlement 575

Index 585