Planning and Urban Design Standards

Publisher’s Note ix

Foreword x

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xii

User Guide xv

Part 1 Plans and Plan Making 1

Plan Making 3

Plan Making 3

Types of Plans 6

Comprehensive Plans 6

Urban Design Plans 10

Regional Plans 14

Neighborhood Plans 16

Downtown Plans 18

Corridor Plans 23

Redevelopment Area Plans 25

Transportation Plans 27

Housing Plans 31

Economic Development Plans 34

Community Facilities Plans 36

Parks and Open-Space Plans 38

Critical and Sensitive Areas Plans 41

Hazard Mitigation Plans 43

Participation 46

Role of Participation 46

Stakeholder Identification 49

Surveys 51

Asset Mapping 53

Community Visioning 55

Charrettes 57

Public Meetings 59

Public Hearings 62

Computer-Based Public Participation 63

Facilitation 65

Consensus Building and Dispute Resolution 66

Planning Movements 68

The Landscape Tradition 68

Engineering Livable Cities 70

Garden Cities 71

City Beautiful 73

Practical Planning 75

Regionalism, 1910 to 1940 77

Public Housing and Urban Renewal 79

Measuring and Modeling 81

Advocacy and Equity Planning 82

Urban Growth and Environmental Concerns 84

Statewide Land-Use Planning Programs 86

Redesigning Downtown 87

Renewed Neighborhoods, New Towns, and New Urbanism 89

New Regionalism: Environment, Politics, and Planning 91

Environmental Justice 93

Sustainability 95

Healthy Cities and Communities 96

Part 2 Environmental Management 97

Environmental Management Overview 99

Environmental Planning Considerations 99

Air 101

Air Quality 101

Air Sheds 103

Heat Islands 105

Water 107

Hydrologic Cycle 107

Watersheds 109

Aquifers 111

Groundwater Movement and Recharge 113

Rivers and Streams 115

Floodplains and Riparian Corridors 118

River and Stream Restoration 122

Types of Wetlands 125

Wetlands Delineation 127

Wetlands Mitigation 128

Beach and Dune Systems 130

Estuaries, Flats, and Marshes 133

Land 135

Soils Classification and Mechanics 135

Slope, Relief, and Aspect 137

Habitat Patches, Corridors, and Matrix 139

Disturbance Zones 141

Biodiversity Protection 143

Invasive Species 145

Hazards 148

Flood Hazards 149

Erosion and Sedimentation 151

Hurricanes and Coastal Storms 154

Landslides 156

Sinkholes and Subsidence 159

Earthquakes 161

Wildfires 164

Underground Leaks 166

Hazardous Materials 168

Seiches and Tsunamis 171

Noise and Vibration 173

Multihazards 179

Part 3 Structures 183

Building Types 185

Residential Types 185

Single-Family Detached 189

Single-Family Attached 190

Multifamily Low-Rise 191

Multifamily Mid-Rise 192

Multifamily High-Rise 193

Manufactured Housing 194

Office Buildings 196

Warehouse and Distribution Facilities 200

Elementary, Middle, and High Schools 203

Fire and Rescue Stations 207

Police Stations 210

Medical Facilities 214

Transportation 219

Sidewalks 219

Hierarchy of Streets and Roads 226

Street Networks and Street Connectivity 229

Alleys and Driveways 233

Vehicle Turning Radii 236

Traffic Calming 238

Pedestrian-Friendly Streets 242

Considerations for Determining Parking Ratios 245

Shared Parking 247

Passenger Vehicle Dimensions for Parking Design 248

Vehicle Circulation for Parking Design 250

Parking Space Dimensions 253

Parking Lot Design 255

On-Street Bikeways 259

Multiuser Trails 261

Transit Planning Process 265

Bus Transit 268

Bus Rapid Transit 272

Rail Transit 278

Intermodal and Multimodal Transit Facilities 284

Airport and Land-Use Interface 287

Airside 295

Landside 297

Utilities 300

Waste Management Overview 300

Transfer Stations 302

Landfills 305

Incinerators 310

Waste Diversion 314

Hazardous Waste Management 318

Composting 321

Wastewater Overview 324

Wastewater Collection Systems 326

Wastewater Treatment 329

Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems 334

Stormwater Overview, Runoff, and Recharge 336

Stormwater Treatment 340

Stormwater Drainage and Flood Management 343

Water Supply 345

Water Treatment 347

Water Storage and Distribution 350

Water Conservation 353

Wireless Infrastructure Overview 355

Colocation of Wireless Equipment 357

Signage 359

Signs Generally 359

On-Premise Signs 360

Legal Issues in Sign Regulation 364

Parks and Open Space 366

Types of Parks 366

Greenways and Trails 372

Conservation Areas 376

Playgrounds 379

Farming and Forestry 384

Farms 384

Feedlots 387

Forestry 389

Part 4 Places and Placemaking 393

Regions 395

Regions 395

Theories of City Form 399

Urban Patterns 399

Urban Morphology 401

Life-Cycle Model of Land-Use Change 403

Early Theories: Concentric Zones, Sector Theory, Multiple Nuclei 405

Recent Theories: Dispersed City, Edge City, Peripheral City 407

Places and Districts 409

Neighborhoods 409

Neighborhood Centers 412

Physical Structure of Downtowns 415

Commercial Corridors 418

Historic Districts 421

Waterfronts 425

Specialty Retail Districts 430

Sexually Oriented Businesses 432

Arts Districts 435

Convention Center Districts 437

Industrial Parks 440

Office Parks 442

Main Streets 444

Development Types 447

Mixed-Use Development 447

Transit-Oriented Development 450

Conservation Development 453

Infill Development 456

HOPE VI 458

Design Considerations 460

Environmental Site Analysis 460

Urban Analysis 463

Scale and Density 468

Safety 472

Walkability 478

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design—LEED 481

Energy-Efficient Development 484

Green Infrastructure 486

Wayfinding Systems 488

Streetscape 491

Part 5 Analysis Techniques 501

Projections and Demand Analysis 503

Population Projections 503

Economic Base and Econometric Projections 507

Housing Needs Assessment 509

Parks, Recreation, and Open-Space Needs Assessment 512

Impact Assessment 514

Environmental Impact Assessment 514

Fiscal Impact Assessment 518

Traffic Impact Studies 521

Transit Impact Studies 524

Traffic Sheds 526

Mapping 527

Mapping Data Overview 527

Aerial Photographs and Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles 529

U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Maps 530

Property Maps in Modern Cadastre 535

Census Data and Demographic Mapping 536

Remote Sensing and Satellite Image Classification 538

Geographic Information Systems 540

Visualization 543

Visualization Overview 543

Montage Visualization 545

Three-Dimensional Visualization 547

Visual Preference Techniques 549

Part 6 Implementation Techniques 553

Legal Foundations 555

Planning Law Overview 555

Property Rights, Police Power, Nuisance, and Vested Rights 556

Due Process and Equal Protection 558

Freedom of Religion and Expression 560

Eminent Domain,Takings, and Exactions 563

Clean Air Act 566

Clean Water Act 567

National Environmental Policy Act 569

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 572

Endangered Species Act 574

Safe Drinking Water Act 576

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 578

Current Federal Transportation Laws 579

Federal Housing and Community Development Law 581

Federal Disaster Law 584

Other Federal Laws 586

State Enabling Legislation 589

State Environmental Policy Acts 590

Zoning Regulation 593

Subdivision Regulation 597

Planned Unit Development 599

Innovations in Local Zoning Regulations 601

Growth Management 604

Adequate Public Facilities and Concurrency Management 604

Urban Growth Areas 606

Development Impact Fees 609

Transfer and Purchase of Development Rights 610

Smart Growth Audits 611

Transportation and Land-Use Connection 613

Preservation, Conservation, and Reuse 616

Open-Space Preservation Techniques 616

Farmland Preservation 618

Land Evaluation and Site Assessment 621

Viewshed Protection 622

Historic Structures 627

Military Base Closure and Conversion 631

Brownfields 633

Rails to Trails 635

Revitalization and Economic Development 637

Capital Improvement Programs 637

Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities 639

Tax Increment Financing 641

Planned Manufacturing Districts 644

Redevelopment Agencies 645

Business Improvement Districts 646

Current Planning 648

Development Services 648

Staff Reports for Development Proposals 650

Site Plan Review 652

Design Guidelines 655

Real Estate Development 659

Financing Methods and Techniques 659

Financial Planning and Analysis: The Pro Forma 662

Development and Approval Process 668

Resources 671

APA Divisions and Chapters 694

The Planning Accreditation Board’s Accredited University Planning Programs 695

Land-Based Classification Standards 702

Graphic Symbols and Drawing Annotations 710

National Planning Award Winners 711

Index 713