Objects, Abstraction, Data Structures and Design: Using C++

Preface iii

Chapter P A C++ Primer 1

P.1 The C++ Environment 2

P.2 Preprocessor Directives and Macros 7

P.3 C++ Control Statements 12

P.4 Primitive Data Types and Class Types 16

P.5 Objects, Pointers, and References 23

P.6 Functions 29

P.7 Arrays and C Strings 33

P.8 The string Class 38

P.9 Input/Output Using Streams 44

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 59

Chapter 1 Introduction to Software Design 63

1.1 The Software Life Cycle 64

1.2 Using Abstraction to Manage Complexity 73

1.3 Defining C++ Classes 75

1.4 Abstract Data Types, Interfaces, and Pre- and Postconditions 98

1.5 Requirements Analysis, Use Cases, and Sequence Diagrams 102

1.6 Design of an Array-Based Phone Directory 108

1.7 Implementing and Testing the Array-Based Phone Directory 114

1.8 Completing the Phone Directory Application 121

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 125

Chapter 2 Program Correctness and Efficiency 129

2.1 Program Defects and “Bugs” 130

2.2 Exceptions 138

2.3 Testing Programs 148

2.4 Debugging a Program 160

2.5 Reasoning about Programs: Assertions and Loop Invariants 166

2.6 Efficiency of Algorithms 170

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 179

Chapter 3 Inheritance and Class Hierarchies 185

3.1 Introduction to Inheritance and Class Hierarchies 186

3.2 Member Function Overriding, Member Function Overloading, and Polymorphism 193

3.3 Abstract Classes, Assignment, and Casting in a Hierarchy 202

3.4 Multiple Inheritance 210

3.5 Namespaces and Visibility 213

3.6 A Shape Class Hierarchy 220

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 225

Chapter 4 Sequential Containers 231

4.1 Template Classes and the Vector 232

4.2 Applications of vector 238

4.3 Implementation of a vector Class 240

4.4 The Copy Constructor, Assignment Operator, and Destructor 247

4.5 Single-Linked Lists and Double-Linked Lists 252

4.6 The list Class and the Iterator 264

4.7 Implementation of a Double-Linked List Class 271

4.8 Application of the list Class 285

4.9 Standard Library Containers 292

4.10 Standard Library Algorithms and Function Objects 297

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 307

Chapter 5 Stacks 311

5.1 The Stack Abstract Data Type 312

5.2 Stack Applications 315

5.3 Implementing a Stack 325

5.4 Additional Stack Applications 332

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 351

Chapter 6 Queues and Deques 357

6.1 The Queue Abstract Data Type 358

6.2 Maintaining a Queue of Customers 362

6.3 Implementing the Queue ADT 365

6.4 The Deque 376

6.5 Simulating Waiting Lines Using Queues 380

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 398

Chapter 7 Recursion 403

7.1 Recursive Thinking 404

7.2 Recursive Definitions of Mathematical Formulas 412

7.3 Recursive Search 420

7.4 Problem Solving with Recursion 426

7.5 Backtracking 435

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 440

Chapter 8 Trees 445

8.1 Tree Terminology and Applications 447

8.2 Tree Traversals 454

8.3 Implementing a Binary_Tree Class 457

8.4 Binary Search Trees 466

8.5 Heaps and Priority Queues 484

8.6 Huffman Trees 496

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 505

Chapter 9 Sets and Maps 511

9.1 Associative Container Requirements 512

9.2 Maps and Multimaps 521

9.3 Hash Tables 530

9.4 Implementing the Hash Table 542

9.5 Implementation Considerations for the hash_map 555

9.6 Additional Applications of Maps 558

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 564

Chapter 10 Sorting 569

10.1 Using C++ Sorting Functions 570

10.2 Selection Sort 572

10.3 Bubble Sort 577

10.4 Insertion Sort 581

10.5 Comparison of Quadratic Sorts 586

10.6 Shell Sort: A Better Insertion Sort 588

10.7 Merge Sort 592

10.8 Heapsort 599

10.9 Quicksort 604

10.10 Testing the Sort Algorithms 614

10.11 The Dutch National Flag Problem (Optional Topic) 616

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 620

Chapter 11 Self-Balancing Search Trees 623

11.1 Tree Balance and Rotation 624

11.2 AVL Trees 628

11.3 Red-Black Trees 643

11.4 2-3 Trees 656

11.5 2-3-4 and B-Trees 663

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 681

Chapter 12 Graphs 691

12.1 Graph Terminology 692

12.2 The Graph ADT and Edge Class 697

12.3 Implementing the Graph ADT 701

12.4 Traversals of Graphs 715

12.5 Applications of Graph Traversals 727

12.6 Algorithms Using Weighted Graphs 734

Chapter Review, Exercises, and Programming Projects 743

Appendix A Advanced C++ Topics 755

A.1 Source Character Set, Trigraphs, Digraphs, and Alternate Keywords 755

A.2 The Allocator 756

A.3 Traits 757

A.4 Virtual Base Classes 759

A.5 Smart Pointers 764

Appendix B Overview of UML 769

B.1 The Class Diagram 770

B.2 Sequence Diagrams 776

Appendix C The CppUnit Test Framework 779

Glossary 783

Index 795