An Introduction to Analog and Digital Communications, 2nd Edition

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Historical Background 1

1.2 Applications 4

1.3 Primary Resources and Operational Requirements 13

1.4 Underpinning Theories of Communication Systems 14

1.5 Concluding Remarks 16

Chapter 2 Fourier Representation of Signals and Systems 18

2.1 The Fourier Transform 19

2.2 Properties of the Fourier Transform 25

2.3 The Inverse Relationship Between Time and Frequency 39

2.4 Dirac Delta Function 42

2.5 Fourier Transforms of Periodic Signals 50

2.6 Transmission of Signals Through Linear Systems: Convolution Revisited 52

2.7 Ideal Low-pass Filters 60

2.8 Correlation and Spectral Density: Energy Signals 70

2.9 Power Spectral Density 79

2.10 Numerical Computation of the Fourier Transform 81

2.11 Theme Example: Twisted Pairs for Telephony 89

2.12 Summary and Discussion 90

Additional Problems 91

Advanced Problems 98

Chapter 3 Amplitude Modulation 100

3.1 Amplitude Modulation 101

3.2 Virtues, Limitations, and Modifications of Amplitude Modulation 113

3.3 Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier Modulation 114

3.4 Costas Receiver 120

APPENDIX 1 POWER RATIOS AND DECIBEL

3.5 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 121

3.6 Single-Sideband Modulation 123

3.7 Vestigial Sideband Modulation 130

3.8 Baseband Representation of Modulated Waves and Band-Pass Filters 137

3.9 Theme Examples 142

3.10 Summary and Discussion 147

Additional Problems 148

Advanced Problems 150

Chapter 4 Angle Modulation 152

4.1 Basic Definitions 153

4.2 Properties of Angle-Modulated Waves 154

4.3 Relationship between PM and FM Waves 159

4.4 Narrow-Band Frequency Modulation 160

4.5 Wide-Band Frequency Modulation 164

4.6 Transmission Bandwidth of FM Waves 170

4.7 Generation of FM Waves 172

4.8 Demodulation of FM Signals 174

4.9 Theme Example: FM Stereo Multiplexing 182

4.10 Summary and Discussion 184

Additional Problems 185

Advanced Problems 187

Chapter 5 Pulse Modulation: Transition from Analog to Digital Communications 190

5.1 Sampling Process 191

5.2 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 198

5.3 Pulse-Position Modulation 202

5.4 Completing the Transition from Analog to Digital 203

5.5 Quantization Process 205

5.6 Pulse-Code Modulation 206

5.7 Delta Modulation 211

5.8 Differential Pulse-Code Modulation 216

5.9 Line Codes 219

5.10 Theme Examples 220

5.11 Summary and Discussion 225

Additional Problems 226

Advanced Problems 228

Chapter 6 Baseband Data Transmission 231

6.1 Baseband Transmission of Digital Data 232

6.2 The Intersymbol Interference Problem 233

6.3 The Nyquist Channel 235

6.4 Raised-Cosine Pulse Spectrum 238

6.5 Baseband Transmission of M-ary Data 245

6.6 The Eye Pattern 246

6.7 Computer Experiment: Eye Diagrams for Binary and Quaternary Systems 249

6.8 Theme Example: Equalization 251

6.9 Summary and Discussion 256

Additional Problems 257

Advanced Problems 259

Chapter 7 Digital Band-Pass Modulation Techniques 262

7.1 Some Preliminaries 262

7.2 Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying 265

7.3 Phase-Shift Keying 270

7.4 Frequency-Shift Keying 281

7.5 Summary of Three Binary Signaling Schemes 289

7.6 Noncoherent Digital Modulation Schemes 291

7.7 M-ary Digital Modulation Schemes 295

7.8 Mapping of Digitally Modulated Waveforms onto Constellations of Signal Points 299

APPENDIX 1 POWER RATIOS AND DECIBEL

7.9 Theme Examples 302

7.10 Summary and Discussion 307

Additional Problems 309

Advanced Problems 310

Computer Experiments 312

Chapter 8 Random Signals and Noise 313

8.1 Probability and Random Variables 314

8.2 Expectation 326

8.3 Transformation of Random Variables 329

8.4 Gaussian Random Variables 330

8.5 The Central Limit Theorem 333

8.6 Random Processes 335

8.7 Correlation of Random Processes 338

8.8 Spectra of Random Signals 343

8.9 Gaussian Processes 347

8.10 White Noise 348

8.11 Narrowband Noise 352

8.12 Summary and Discussion 356

Additional Problems 357

Advanced Problems 361

Computer Experiments 363

Chapter 9 Noise in Analog Communications 364

9.1 Noise in Communication Systems 365

9.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratios 366

9.3 Band-Pass Receiver Structures 369

9.4 Noise in Linear Receivers Using Coherent Detection 370

9.5 Noise in AM Receivers Using Envelope Detection 373

9.6 Noise in SSB Receivers 377

9.7 Detection of Frequency Modulation (FM) 380

9.8 FM Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis 387

9.9 Summary and Discussion 390

Additional Problems 391

Advanced Problems 392

Computer Experiments 393

Chapter 10 Noise in Digital Communications 394

10.1 Bit Error Rate 395

10.2 Detection of a Single Pulse in Noise 396

10.3 Optimum Detection of Binary PAM in Noise 399

10.4 Optimum Detection of BPSK 405

10.5 Detection of QPSK and QAM in Noise 408

10.6 Optimum Detection of Binary FSK 414

10.7 Differential Detection in Noise 416

10.8 Summary of Digital Performance 418

10.9 Error Detection and Correction 422

10.10 Summary and Discussion 433

Additional Problems 434

Advanced Problems 435

Computer Experiments 436

Chapter 11 System and Noise Calculations 437

11.1 Electrical Noise 438

11.2 Noise Figure 442

11.3 Equivalent Noise Temperature 443

11.4 Cascade Connection of Two-Port Networks 445

11.5 Free-Space Link Calculations 446

11.6 Terrestrial Mobile Radio 451

11.7 Summary and Discussion 456

Additional Problems 457

Advanced Problems 458

APPENDIX 1 POWER RATIOS AND DECIBEL 459

APPENDIX 2 FOURIER SERIES 460

APPENDIX 3 BESSEL FUNCTIONS 467

APPENDIX 4 THE Q-FUNCTION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE ERROR FUNCTION 470

APPENDIX 5 SCHWARZ’S INEQUALITY 473

APPENDIX 6 MATHEMATICAL TABLES 475

APPENDIX 7 MATLAB SCRIPTS FOR COMPUTER EXPERIMENTS TO PROBLEMS IN CHAPTERS 7-10 480

APPENDIX 8 ANSWERS TO DRILL PROBLEMS 488

Glossary 495

Bibliography 498

Index 501