Physics, Volume 2, 5th Edition

Chapter 25 Electric Charge and Coulomb’s Law 567

25-1 Electromagnetism: A Preview 567

25-2 Electric Charge 568

25-3 Conductors and Insulators 571

25-4 Coulomb’s Law 573

25-5 Continuous Charge Distributions 576

25-6 Conservation of Charge 580

Questions and Problems 581

Chapter 26 The Electric Field 587

26-1 What is a Field? 587

26-2 The Electric Field 588

26-3 The Electric Field of Point Charges 590

26-4 Electric Field of Continuous Charge Distributions 592

26-5 Electric Field Lines 595

26-6 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 597

26-7 A Dipole in an Electric Field 600

26-8 The Nuclear Model of the Atom (Optional) 602

Questions and Problems 603

Chapter 27 Gauss’ Law 611

27-1 What is Gauss’ Law All About? 611

27-2 The Flux of a Vector Field 612

27-3 The Flux of the Electric Field 613

27-4 Gauss’ Law 616

27-5 Applications of Gauss’ Law 617

27-6 Gauss’ Law and Conductors 621

27-7 Experimental Tests of Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law 624

Questions and Problems 626

Chapter 28 Electric Potential Energy and Potential 635

28-1 Potential Energy 635

28-2 Electric Potential Energy 636

28-3 Electric Potential 639

28-4 Calculating the Potential from the Field 640

28-5 Potential Due to Point Charges 641

28-6 Electric Potential of Continuous Charge Distributions 644

28-7 Calculating the Field from the Potential 646

28-8 Equipotential Surfaces 648

28-9 The Potential of a Charged Conductor 649

28-10 The Electrostatic Accelerator (Optional) 651

Questions and Problems 652

Chapter 29 The Electrical Properties of Materials 661

29-1 Types of Materials 661

29-2 A Conductor in an Electric Field: Static Conditions 662

29-3 A Conductor in an Electric Field: Dynamic Conditions 663

29-4 Ohmic Materials 666

29-5 Ohm’s Law: A Microscopic View 668

29-6 An Insulator in an Electric Field 670

Questions and Problems 672

Chapter 30 Capacitance 679

30-1 Capacitors 679

30-2 Capacitance 679

30-3 Calculating the Capacitance 681

30-4 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 683

30-5 Energy Storage in an Electric Field 685

30-6 Capacitor with Dielectric 687

Questions and Problems 690

Chapter 31 DC Circuits 701

31-1 Electric Current 701

31-2 Electromotive Force 703

31-3 Analysis of Circuits 704

31-4 Electric Fields in Circuits 709

31-5 Resistors in Series and Parallel 710

31-6 Energy Transfers in an Electric Circuit 713

31-7 RC Circuits 713

Questions and Problems 716

Chapter 32 The Magnetic Field 725

32-1 Magnetic Interactions and Magnetic Poles 725

32-2 The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge 727

32-3 Circulating Charges 731

32-4 The Hall Effect 734

32-5 The Magnetic Force on a Current- Carrying Wire 736

32-6 The Torque on a Current Loop 738

Questions and Problems 740

Chapter 33 The Magnetic Field of a Current 749

33-1 The Magnetic Field due to a Moving Charge 749

33-2 The Magnetic Field of a Current 752

33-3 Two Parallel Currents 756

33-4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid 758

33-5 Ampère’s Law 760

33-6 Electromagnetism and Frames of Reference (Optional) 764

Questions and Problems 765

Chapter 34 Faraday’s Law of Induction 775

34-1 Faraday’s Experiments 775

34-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction 776

34-3 Lenz’ Law 777

34-4 Motional emf 780

34-5 Generators and Motors 782

34-6 Induced Electric Fields 783

34-7 Induction and Relative Motion (Optional) 786

Questions and Problems 789

Chapter 35 Magnetic Properties of Materials 801

35-1 The Magnetic Dipole 801

35-2 The Force on a Dipole in a Nonuniform Field 804

35-3 Atomic and Nuclear Magnetism 805

35-4 Magnetization 807

35-5 Magnetic Materials 808

35-6 The Magnetism of the Planets (Optional) 811

35-7 Gauss’ Law for Magnetism 814

Questions and Problems 816

Chapter 36 Inductance 823

36-1 Inductance 823

36-2 Calculating the Inductance 824

36-3 LR Circuits 826

36-4 Energy Storage in a Magnetic Field 827

36-5 Electromagnetic Oscillations: Qualitative 830

36-6 Electromagnetic Oscillations: Quantitative 832

36-7 Damped and Forced Oscillations 833

Questions and Problems 836

Chapter 37 Alternating Current Circuits 845

37-1 Alternating Currents 845

37-2 Three Separate Elements 846

37-3 The Single Loop RLC Circuit 848

37-4 Power in AC Circuits 851

37-5 The Transformer (Optional) 852

Questions and Problems 854

Chapter 38 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves 861

38-1 The Basic Equations of Electromagnetism 861

38-2 Induced Magnetic Fields and the Displacement Current 862

38-3 Maxwell’s Equations 864

38-4 Generating an Electromagnetic Wave 866

38-5 Traveling Waves and Maxwell’s Equations 868

38-6 Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector 870

38-7 Radiation Pressure 872

Questions and Problems 874

Chapter 39 Light Waves 883

39-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 883

39-2 Visible Light 886

39-3 The Speed of Light 887

39-4 Reflection and Refraction of Light Waves 890

39-5 Total Internal Reflection 897

39-6 The Doppler Effect for Light 899

Questions and Problems 902

Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses 913

40-1 Image Formation by Mirrors and Lenses 913

40-2 Plane Mirrors 914

40-3 Spherical Mirrors 917

40-4 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 921

40-5 Thin Lenses 923

40-6 Optical Instruments 928

Questions and Problems 930

Chapter 41 Interference 941

41-1 Two-Source Interference 941

41-2 Double-Slit Interference 942

41-3 Coherence 944

41-4 Intensity in Double-Slit Interference 946

41-5 Interference from Thin FIlms 948

41-6 Michelson’s Interferometer 953

Questions and Problems 955

Chapter 42 Diffraction 963

42-1 Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light 963

42-2 Single-Slit Diffraction 965

42-3 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction 967

42-4 Diffraction at a Circular Aperture 970

42-5 Double-Slit Interference and Diffraction Combined 971

Questions and Problems 975

Chapter 43 Gratings and Spectra 981

43-1 Multiple Slits 981

43-2 Diffraction Gratings 985

43-3 Dispersion and Resolving Power 986

43-4 X-ray Diffraction 988

43-5 Holography (Optional) 992

Questions and Problems 994

Chapter 44 Polarization 999

44-1 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves 999

44-2 Polarizing Sheets 1001

44-3 Polarization by Reflection 1003

44-4 Double Refraction 1004

44-5 Circular Polarization 1006

44-6 Polarization by Scattering 1008

Questions and Problems 1010

Chapter 45 The Nature of Light 1015

45-1 Introducing the Photon 1015

45-2 Thermal Radiation 1016

45-3 The Photoelectric Effect 1019

45-4 The Compton Effect 1021

45-5 The Photon Revealed 1023

45-6 Photons and Waves 1024

45-7 Slowing Down Atoms by Photon Bombardment 1026

Questions and Problems 1028

Chapter 46 The Nature of Matter 1035

46-1 Matter Waves 1035

46-2 Testing DeBroglie’s Hypothesis 1036

46-3 Waves and Particles 1041

46-4 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 1042

46-5 The Wave Function 1044

46-6 Schrödinger’s Equation 1045

46-7 Barrier Tunneling 1046

Questions and Problems 1049

Chapter 47 Electrons in Potential Wells 1055

47-1 Electrons, Free and Bound 1055

47-2 An Electron Trapped in a Potential Well 1055

47-3 An Electron Trapped in a Finite Well 1060

47-4 An Electron Trapped in an Atom 1062

47-5 The Ground State of the Hydrogen Atom 1065

47-6 Angular Momentum of Electrons in Atoms 1066

47-7 An Excited State of the Hydrogen Atom 1069

47-8 Counting the States of Hydrogen 1070

Questions and Problems 1072

Chapter 48 Atomic Structure 1079

48-1 The X-ray Spectrum of Atoms 1079

48-2 X Rays and the Numbering of the Elements 1081

48-3 Building Atoms 1082

48-4 The Periodic Table 1083

48-5 Atomic Magnetism 1086

48-6 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 1087

48-7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1089

48-8 Magnetism and Atomic Radiations (Optional) 1090

48-9 Lasers and Laser Light 1092

Questions and Problems 1096

Chapter 49 Electrical Conduction in Solids 1103

49-1 Quantum Theory of Solids 1103

49-2 Conduction Electrons in a Metal 1104

49-3 Filling the Allowed States 1105

49-4 Electrical Conduction in Metals 1108

49-5 Bands and Gaps 1109

49-6 Conductors, Insulators, and Semiconductors 1111

49-7 Doped Semiconductors 1112

49-8 The pn Junction 1114

49-9 Optical Electronics 1117

49-10 The Transistor 1119

49-11 Superconductors 1120

Questions and Problems 1122

Chapter 50 Nuclear Physics 1129

50-1 Discovering the Nucleus 1129

50-2 Some Nuclear Properties 1131

50-3 Radioactive Decay 1135

50-4 Alpha Decay 1136

50-5 Beta Decay 1138

50-6 Measuring Ionizing Radiation 1139

50-7 Natural Radioactivity 1140

50-8 Nuclear Reactions 1141

50-9 Nuclear Models (Optional) 1143

Questions and Problems 1145

Chapter 51 Energy from the Nucleus 1153

51-1 The Atom and the Nucleus 1153

51-2 Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process 1154

51-3 Theory of Nuclear Fission 1155

51-4 Nuclear Reactors: The Basic Principles 1157

51-5 A Natural Reactor 1159

51-6 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1161

51-7 Thermonuclear Fusion in Stars 1162

51-8 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1164

Questions and Problems 1167

Chapter 52 Particle Physics and Cosmology 1173

52-1 Particle Interactions 1173

52-2 Families of Particles 1176

52-3 Conservation Laws 1179

52-4 The Quark Model 1181

52-5 The Big Bang Cosmology 1186

52-6 Nucleosysthesis 1190

52-7 The Age of the Universe 1192

Questions and Problems 1194

Appendices

A. The International System of Units (SI) A-1

B. Fundamental Physcial Constants A-3

C. Astronomical Data A-4

D. Properties of the Elements A-6

E. Periodic Table of the Elements A-9

F. Elementary Particles A-10

G. Conversion Factors A-12

H. Vectors A-17

I. Mathematical Formulas A-20

J. Nobel Prizes in Physics A-22

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-26

Photo Credits P-1

Index I-1