The Measure of Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design, Revised Edition

Preface 1

Introduction 3

Human Factors: A Brief History 9

Anthropometry 10

Measurement Systems 10

Sampling the Population 10

The Measurements 10

Percentiles 10

Human Variations 11

The Link System 28

Clothing Corrections 31

Work and Play Stations for Children 32

Illustrations

Frequency Distribution Curve 11

The Measure of Infants 12, 13

The Measure of Toddlers 14

The Measure of Youths 15-21

The Measure of Man 22, 23

The Measure of Woman 24, 25

Proportional Differences Between Ethnic Groups 26

Head Measurements of Man and Woman 27

Angle Movements of Body Components 29, 30

Design Considerations for Children 32

The Elderly 33

Illustrations

The Measure of the Elderly 34

Differently Abled People 35

Illustrations

Symbols of Accessibility 35

Reach Factors for the Differently Abled 37

Design Considerations for the Differently Abled 39-41

Manual Controls for the Differently Abled 43

Seating 44

The Dining Chair 44

A Universal Work Chair 44

Seating Variations 44

Seating at Computer Stations for Men and Women 44

Classic Consoles for Men and Women 46

Illustrations

Seating Variations 45

Visual Characteristics 47

Computer Stations for Man 48

Computer Stations for Woman 49

Classic Consoles for Man and Woman 50

Standing Consoles for Man and Woman 51

Residential Space Considerations 50

Bedrooms 50

Dining Spaces 50

Kitchen and Bathroom Layouts 50

Illustrations

Measurements for Bedrooms 53

Measurements for Dining Areas 54

Measurements for Kitchens and Bathrooms 55

Maintenance Access 56

The Whole Body 56

The Appendages 56

Illustrations

Maintenance Access (Whole Body) 57

Maintenance Access (The Appendages) 58

Safety at Work and at Home 57

Factory 57

Office 57

Home 60

Illustrations

Stairs and Ladders 63, 64

Vehicular Accommodation 65

Constant Factors in Vehicular Seating 65

Agricultural and Industrial Equipment 65

Forces for Hand and Foot Controls 67

Illustrations

Constant Factors in Vehicle Seating 66

The Strength of Man and Woman 68

Foot Measurements and Pedal Design 69

Anthropometry and Seating for Agriculture and Industry 70, 71

Displays 72

Circular Analog and Digital Displays 72

Circular Analog and Graphic Displays 72

Electronic Displays 72

Illustrations

Analog and Digital Displays 72, 73

Manual Controls 74

Illustrations

Hand Measurements of Man and Woman 75

Manual Controls 76, 77

Direction of Operation for Manual Controls 78

The Environment 79

Noise 79

Mechanical Vibration 80

Human vs. Machine 81

Motion 82

Temperatures 82

Chemical Hazards 83

Radiation Hazards 84

Colors 84

Lighting 86

Appendix 91

Conversion Scales 91

Abbreviations 92

Anthropometric Terms 93

Bibliography 95

Index 97

Illustrations

Anatomical Planes and Orientations 94