Water Chemistry

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Properties of Water 1

1.2 Composition of Several Types of Water 3

1.3 Methods of Expressing Concentration 14

1.4 Additional Reading 23

Chapter 2 Chemical Kinetics 24

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Collisions of Reacting Species 24

2.3 Orientations of Reactants 26

2.4 The Rate Law 27

2.5 Reaction Mechanisms 36

2.6 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate 40

2.7 Catalysis 44

2.8 Empirical Rate Laws 48

2.9 Problems 55

2.10 Additional Reading 57

Chapter 3 Chemical Equilibrium 58

3.1 Introduction 58

3.2 The Dynamic Nature of Chemical Equilibrium 58

3.3 The Thermodynamic Basis of Chemical Equilibrium 60

3.4 Enthalpy and the Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant 71

3.5 Nonideal Behavior of Ions and Molecules in Solution 74

3.6 Problems 82

3.7 Additional Reading 85

Chapter 4 Acid-Base Chemistry 86

4.1 Introduction 86

4.2 Definition of Terms 86

4.3 Rate of Reaction 93

4.4 Equilibrium Calculations – A General Approach 95

4.5 Strong Acid-Strong Base Calculations 102

4.6 Weak Acid-Weak Base Calculations 108

4.7 Graphical Procedure for Equilibrium Calculations – pC-pH Diagrams 114

4.8 Determination of Temperature and Ionic Strength Effects on Equilibria Using pC-pH diagrams 122

4.9 Multiprotic Acid-Conjugate Base Equilibrium Calculations 125

4.10 Ionization Fractions and Distribution diagrams 134

4.11 Mixtures of Acids and Bases – pH Calculation 136

4.12 pH Buffers and Buffer Intensity 146

4.13 The Carbonate System 156

4.14 Problems 192

4.15 Additional Reading 195

Chapter 5 Coordination Chemistry 197

5.1 Introduction 197

5.2 Nomenclature and Definitions of Terms 197

5.3 Reaction Rate 200

5.4 Complex Stability and Equilibrium Calculations 201

5.5 Metal Ion Hydrolysis – H2O and OH as Ligands 217

5.6 Complexes with Other Inorganic Ligands 217

5.7 Complexes with Organic Ligands 223

5.8 Problems 241

5.9 Additional Reading 242

Chapter 6 Precipitation and Dissolution 243

6.1 Introduction 243

6.2 Precipitation and Dissolution Kinetics 244

6.3 Equilibrium Calculations 247

6.4 Solubility of Salts of Weak Acids and Bases 258

6.5 Effect of Complexation on Solubility 262  

6.6 Competitive Effects of Several Ligands 270

6.7 Calcium Carbonate Solubility and Water Stability 282

6.8 Phosphate Chemistry 298

6.9 Problems 313

6.10 Additional Reading 315

Chapter 7 Oxidation – Reduction Reactions 316

7.1 Introduction 316

7.2  Redox Stoichiometry 316

7.3 Redox Equilibria 322

7.4 Electron Activity and pϵ 338

7.5 Graphical Representation of Redox Equilibria 343

7.6 Corrosion 363

7.7 Iron Chemistry 378

7.8 Chlorine Chemistry 386

7.9 Biologically Important Redox Reactions 404

7.10 Electrochemical Measurements 414

7.11 Problems 426

7.12 Additional Reading 430

Appendix 1 Ionization Fractions 431

Appendix 2 Answers to Problems 435

Appendix 3 Useful Data 442

Index 453