Agricultural Development Policy: Concepts and Experiences

Foreword ix

Acknowledgements xi

Introduction 1

1 Agriculture and Economic Development: Basic Considerations 3

1.1 Beginnings 3

1.2 The Agricultural Sector and Economic Growth 4

1.3 Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction 9

Discussion Points for Chapter 1 12

2 Strategies and the Agricultural Policy Framework 15

2.1 Strategies and Policies 15

2.2 The Nature of Agricultural Policy Instruments 19

2.3 Objectives of Agricultural Policy 22

2.4 The Role of Government 25

2.5 Implementation of Strategies and Policies 30

Discussion Points for Chapter 2 32

3 Broad Issues of Agricultural Policy 35

3.1 Agricultural Policy and the Macroeconomic Framework 35

3.2 Fiscal Expenditures and Subsidies 37

3.3 Improving the Incomes of the Rural Poor 44

3.4 Gender and Agricultural Development 46

3.5 Selected Issues in Privatization 48

3.6 Principal Aspects of the Legal Framework 51

Discussion Points for Chapter 3 53

4 Policies that Influence Producer Incentives 55

4.1 The Setting 55

4.2 Agricultural Prices and Their Determinants 56

4.3 Trade Policy 58

4.4 Exchange Rate Policy 74

4.5 Fiscal Policy and Agricultural Prices 80

4.6 Macroeconomic Policy Options for Agriculture 82

4.7 Sectoral Policies that Influence Agricultural Prices 86

4.8 Food Security, Agricultural Prices and the Rural Poor 98

4.9 Observations on Price Stabilization and Agricultural Development 103

Discussion Points for Chapter 4 104

5 Land Tenure Policies 109

5.1 Introduction 109

5.2 The Importance of Land Tenure 110

5.3 Objectives of Land Tenure Policies 111

5.4 Overview of Issues and Trends concerning Land Tenure 116

5.5 The Nature of Land Rights 121

5.6 Communal, Collective and Individual Rights to Land 130

5.7 Experiences with Land Reform 142

5.8 Policies for Land Markets 149

5.9 Improving Access to Land for the Poor and for Women 176

Discussion Points for Chapter 5 191

6 Water Management Policies in Agriculture 197

6.1 Introduction 197

6.2 Policy Objectives for the Irrigation Sector 203

6.3 Strategic Planning for Irrigation as Part of Water Resource Management 207

6.4 Strategic Issues in Irrigation Development 211

6.5 Principal Policy Issues in the Irrigation Sector 223

6.6 Institutional and Process Issues in Water Management 248

6.7 Irrigation as a Tool of Rural Development 269

Discussion Points for Chapter 6 271

7 Policies for Agricultural and Rural Finance 277

7.1 The Role of Finance in Agricultural Development 277

7.2 Policy Objectives for Rural Finance 287

7.3 Keys to the Sustainability and Efficiency of Financial Intermediation 295

7.4 The Regulatory Framework for Rural Finance 300

7.5 Structural Considerations for Rural Financial Institutions 317

7.6 Approaches to Managing Rural Financial Institutions 330

7.7 Macroeconomic Policy to Support Rural Financial Intermediation 340

7.8 Elements of a Strategy for Developing Rural Finance 346

Discussion Points for Chapter 7 351

8 Policies for Agricultural Technology 357

8.1 Introduction: The Role and Context of Agricultural Technology 357

8.2 Issues in Agricultural Research 363

8.3 Issues in Agricultural Extension 375

8.4 New Directions in Agricultural Research 390

8.5 New Approaches to Agricultural Extension 404

Discussion Points for Chapter 8 420

9 Agricultural Development Strategies: Process and Structure 425

9.1 The Roles of an Agricultural Strategy 425

9.2 Participatory Processes for Developing Strategies 428

9.3 Structure and Consistency in a Strategy 442

9.4 Substantive Orientations of an Agricultural Strategy 450

9.5 Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation 460

9.6 Implementation of a Strategy 474

9.7 Concluding Observations 475

Discussion Points for Chapter 9 476

Annex: National Economic Policies and Irrigation in Yemen 483

1 Water in Yemen’s Development Process 483

2 Demand Management vs. Water Supply Options 484

3 The Origins of the Water Crisis 485

4 Principal Policy Instruments Available for Water Demand Management 486

5 Bearing the Costs of Change 487

6 Schematic Presentation of Policy Options 488

7 Fiscal and Strategic Issues 488

8 Summary 490

Index 493