3G, HSPA and FDD versus TDD Networking: Smart Antennas and Adaptive Modulation, 2nd Edition

About the Authors xv

Other Wiley and IEEE Press Books on Related Topics xvii

Preface xix

Acknowledgments xxxi

1 Third-generation CDMA Systems 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Basic CDMA System 2
 
1.2.1 Spread Spectrum Fundamentals 2

1.2.2 The Effect of Multipath Channels 6

1.2.3 Rake Receiver 9

1.2.4 Multiple Access 13

1.2.5 Spreading Codes 19

1.2.6 Channel Estimation 22

1.2.7 Summary 26

1.3 Third-generation Systems 26

1.3.1 Introduction 26

1.3.2 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) 29

1.3.3 The cdma2000 Terrestrial Radio Access 68

1.3.4 Performance-enhancement Features 82

1.3.5 Summary of 3G Systems 84

1.4 Summary and Conclusions 85

2 High Speed Downlink and Uplink Packet Access 87

2.1 Introduction 87

2.2 High Speed Downlink Packet Access 88

2.2.1 Physical Layer 92

2.2.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer 98

2.3 High Speed Uplink Packet Access 99

2.3.1 Physical Layer 102

2.3.2 MAC Layer 108

2.4 Implementation Issues 112

2.4.1 HS-SCCH Detection Algorithm 112

2.4.2 16QAM 115

2.4.3 HARQ Result Processing Time 116

2.4.4 Crest Factor 117

3 HSDPA-style Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Wireless Transceivers 119

3.1 Motivation 119

3.2 Narrowband Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Modulation 120

3.3 Wideband Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Modulation 123

3.3.1 Channel Quality Metrics 123

3.4 Wideband BbB-AQAM Video Transceivers 126

3.5 BbB-AQAM Performance 129

3.6 Wideband BbB-AQAM Video Performance 131

3.6.1 AQAM Switching Thresholds 133

3.6.2 Turbo-coded AQAM Videophone Performance 135

3.7 Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Joint-Detection CDMA Video Transceiver 136

3.7.1 Multi-user Detection for CDMA 136

3.7.2 JD-ACDMA Modem Mode Adaptation and Signalling 138

3.7.3 The JD-ACDMA Video Transceiver 139

3.7.4 JD-ACDMA Video Transceiver Performance 141

3.8 Subband-adaptive OFDM Video Transceivers 145

3.9 Summary and Conclusions 150

4 Intelligent Antenna Arrays and Beamforming 151

4.1 Introduction 151

4.2 Beamforming 152

4.2.1 Antenna Array Parameters 152

4.2.2 Potential Benefits of Antenna Arrays in Mobile Communications 153

4.2.3 Signal Model 162

4.2.4 A Beamforming Example 165

4.2.5 Analog Beamforming 166

4.2.6 Digital Beamforming 167

4.2.7 Element-space Beamforming 167

4.2.8 Beam-space Beamforming 168

4.3 Adaptive Beamforming 169

4.3.1 Fixed Beams 170

4.3.2 Temporal Reference Techniques 171

4.3.3 Spatial Reference Techniques 184

4.3.4 Blind Adaptation 187

4.3.5 Adaptive Arrays in the Downlink 189

4.3.6 Adaptive Beamforming Performance Results 191

4.4 Summary and Conclusions 213

5 Adaptive Arrays in an FDMA/TDMA Cellular Network 215

5.1 Introduction 215

5.2 Modelling Adaptive Antenna Arrays 216

5.2.1 Algebraic Manipulation with Optimal Beamforming 216

5.2.2 Using Probability Density Functions 218

5.2.3 Sample Matrix Inversion Beamforming 219

5.3 Channel Allocation Techniques 220

5.3.1 Overview of Channel Allocation 221

5.3.2 Simulation of the Channel Allocation Algorithms 232

5.3.3 Overview of Channel Allocation Algorithms 236

5.3.4 DCA Performance without Adaptive Arrays 241

5.4 Employing Adaptive Antenna Arrays 242

5.5 Multipath Propagation Environments 245

5.6 Network Performance Results 251

5.6.1 System Simulation Parameters 252

5.6.2 Non-wraparound Network Performance Results 261

5.6.3 Wrap-around Network Performance Results 292

5.7 Summary and Conclusions 315

6 HSDPA-style FDD Networking, Adaptive Arrays and Adaptive Modulation 317

6.1 Introduction 317

6.2 Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access 318

6.3 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access 320

6.3.1 Spreading and Modulation 321

6.3.2 Common Pilot Channel 325

6.3.3 Power Control 326

6.3.4 Soft Handover 328

6.3.5 Signal-to-interference plus Noise Ratio Calculations 329

6.3.6 Multi-user Detection 331

6.4 Simulation Results 332

6.4.1 Simulation Parameters 332

6.4.2 The Effect of Pilot Power on Soft Handover Results 336

6.4.3 Ec/Io  Power Based Soft Handover Results 351

6.4.4 Overview of Results 363

6.4.5 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Arrays in a High Data Rate Pedestrian Environment 365

6.4.6 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Arrays and Adaptive Modulation in a High Data Rate Pedestrian Environment 373

6.5 Summary and Conclusions 380

7 HSDPA-style FDD/CDMA Performance Using Loosely Synchronized Spreading Codes 383

7.1 Effects of Loosely Synchronized Spreading Codes on the Performance of CDMA Systems 383

7.1.1 Introduction 383

7.1.2 Loosely Synchronized Codes 384

7.1.3 System Parameters 386

7.1.4 Simulation Results 388

7.1.5 Summary 391

7.2 Effects of Cell Size on the UTRA Performance 392

7.2.1 Introduction 392

7.2.2 System Model and System Parameters 393

7.2.3 Simulation Results and Comparisons 395

7.2.4 Summary and Conclusion 400

7.3 Effects of SINR Threshold on the Performance of CDMA Systems 401

7.3.1 Introduction 401

7.3.2 Simulation Results 402

7.3.3 Summary and Conclusion 406

7.4 Network-layer Performance of Multi-carrier CDMA 407

7.4.1 Introduction 407

7.4.2 Simulation Results 413

7.4.3 Summary and Conclusions 419

8 HSDPA-style TDD/CDMA Network Performance 421

8.1 Introduction 421

8.2 UMTS FDD versus TDD Terrestrial Radio Access 422

8.2.1 FDD versus TDD Spectrum Allocation of UTRA 422

8.2.2 Physical Channels 423

8.3 UTRATDD/CDMA System 424

8.3.1 The TDD Physical Layer 425

8.3.2 Common Physical Channels of the TDD Mode 425

8.3.3 Power Control 426

8.3.4 Time Advance 428

8.4 Interference Scenario in TDD CDMA 428

8.4.1 Mobile-to-Mobile Interference 429

8.4.2 Base Station-to-Base Station Interference 429

8.5 Simulation Results 430

8.5.1 Simulation Parameters 431

8.5.2 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Array Aided TDD CDMA Systems 433

8.5.3 Performance of Adaptive Antenna Array and Adaptive Modulation Aided TDD HSDPA-style Systems 438

8.6 Loosely Synchronized Spreading Code Aided Network Performance Of UTRA-like TDD/CDMA Systems 442

8.6.1 Introduction 442

8.6.2 LS Codes in UTRA TDD/CDMA 444

8.6.3 System Parameters 445

8.6.4 Simulation Results 446

8.6.5 Summary and Conclusions 449

9 The Effects of Power Control and Hard Handovers on the UTRA TDD/CDMA System 451

9.1 A Historical Perspective on Handovers 451

9.2 Hard HO in UTRA-like TDD/CDMA Systems 452

9.2.1 Relative Pilot Power-based Hard HO 453

9.2.2 Simulation Results 454

9.3 Power Control in UTRA-like TDD/CDMA Systems 464

9.3.1 UTRATDD Downlink Closed-loop Power Control 464

9.3.2 UTRA TDD Uplink Closed-loop Power Control 466

9.3.3 Closed-loop Power Control Simulation Results 466

9.3.4 UTRA TDDUL Open-loop Power Control 475

9.3.5 Frame-delay-based Power Adjustment Model 476

9.4 Summary and Conclusion 486

10 Genetically Enhanced UTRA/TDD Network Performance 489

10.1 Introduction 489

10.2 The Genetically Enhanced UTRA-like TDD/CDMA System 490

10.3 Simulation Results 494

10.4 Summary and Conclusion 499

11 Conclusions and Further Research 501

11.1 Summary of FDD Networking 501

11.2 Summary of FDD versus TDD Networking 506

11.3 Further Research 511

11.3.1 Advanced Objective Functions 513

11.3.2 Other Types of GAs 513

Glossary 515

Bibliography 521

Subject Index 547

Author Index 553