WCDMA for UMTS: HSPA Evolution and LTE, 5th Edition

Preface xvii

Acknowledgements xix

Abbreviations xxi

1 Introduction 1
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala

1.1 WCDMA Early Phase 1

1.2 HSPA Introduction and Data Growth 2

1.3 HSPA Deployments Globally 4

1.4 HSPA Evolution 5

1.5 HSPA Network Product 6

1.6 HSPA Future Outlook 7

References 8

2 UMTS Services 9
Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson, Jouni Salonen, Antti Toskala and Tommi Uitto

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Voice 11

2.3 Video Telephony 18

2.4 Messaging 21

2.5 Mobile Email 22

2.6 Browsing 23

2.7 Application and Content Downloading 24

2.8 Streaming 26

2.9 Gaming 26

2.10 Mobile Broadband for Laptop and Netbook Connectivity 27

2.11 Social Networking 30

2.12 Mobile TV 31

2.13 Location-Based Services 32

2.14 Machine-to-Machine Communications 34

2.15 Quality of Service (QoS) Differentiation 35

2.16 Maximum Air Interface Capacity 40

2.17 Terminals 44

2.18 Tariff Schemes 45

References 45

3 Introduction to WCDMA 47
Peter Muszynski and Harri Holma

3.1 Introduction 47

3.2 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA 47

3.3 Spreading and Despreading 49

3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception 51

3.5 Power Control 55

3.6 Softer and Soft Handovers 57

References 59

4 Background and Standardization of WCDMA 61
Antti Toskala

4.1 Introduction 61

4.2 Background in Europe 61

4.3 Background in Japan 64

4.4 Background in Korea 65

4.5 Background in the United States 65

4.6 Creation of 3GPP 67

4.7 How Does 3GPP Operate? 68

4.8 Creation of 3GPP2 69

4.9 Harmonization Phase 69

4.10 IMT-2000 Process in ITU 70

4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release 99 WCDMA 70

4.12 Industry Convergence with LTE and LTE-Advanced 72

References 73

5 Radio Access Network Architecture 75
Fabio Longoni, Atte Länsisalmi and Antti Toskala

5.1 Introduction 75

5.2 UTRAN Architecture 78

5.3 General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces 80

5.4 Iu, the UTRAN–CN Interface 81

5.5 UTRAN Internal Interfaces 87

5.6 UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution 91

5.7 UMTS CN Architecture and Evolution 93

References 95

6 Physical Layer 97
Antti Toskala

6.1 Introduction 97

6.2 Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels 98

6.3 Spreading and Modulation 102

6.4 User Data Transmission 110

6.5 Signaling 121

6.6 Physical Layer Procedures 126

6.7 Terminal Radio Access Capabilities 136

6.8 Conclusion 138

References 139

7 Radio Interface Protocols 141
Jukka Vialén and Antti Toskala

7.1 Introduction 141

7.2 Protocol Architecture 142

7.3 The Medium Access Control Protocol 143

7.4 The Radio Link Control Protocol 147

7.5 The Packet Data Convergence Protocol 150

7.6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol 151

7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 152

7.8 The Radio Resource Control Protocol 153

7.9 Early UE Handling Principles 170

7.10 Improvements for Call Set-up Time Reduction 170

References 171

8 Radio Network Planning 173
Harri Holma, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Seppo Hämäläinen, Jaana Laiho, Kari Sipilä and Achim Wacker

8.1 Introduction 173

8.2 Dimensioning 174

8.3 Capacity and Coverage Planning and Optimization 194

8.4 GSM Co-planning 202

8.5 Inter-Operator Interference 204

8.6 WCDMA Frequency Variants 210

8.7 UMTS Refarming to GSM Band 211

8.8 Interference between GSM and UMTS 214

8.9 Remaining GSM Voice Capacity 215

8.10 Shared Site Solutions with GSM and UMTS 216

8.11 Interworking of UMTS900 and UMTS2100 217

References 218

9 Radio Resource Management 219
Harri Holma, Klaus Pedersen, Jussi Reunanen, Janne Laakso and Oscar Salonaho

9.1 Introduction 219

9.2 Power Control 220

9.3 Handovers 232

9.4 Measurement of Air Interface Load 246

9.5 Admission Control 250

9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control) 252

References 253

10 Packet Scheduling 255
Jeroen Wigard, Harri Holma, Renaud Cuny, Nina Madsen, Frank Frederiksen and Martin Kristensson

10.1 Introduction 255

10.2 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 255

10.3 Round Trip Time 261

10.4 User-Specific Packet Scheduling 264

10.5 Cell-Specific Packet Scheduling 272

10.6 Packet Data System Performance 275

10.7 Packet Data Application Performance 280

References 291

11 Physical Layer Performance 293
Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen, Leo Chan, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen, Kari Horneman, Jaakko Vihriälä and Markku Juntti

11.1 Introduction 293

11.2 Cell Coverage 293

11.3 Downlink Cell Capacity 304

11.4 Capacity Trials 313

11.5 3GPP Performance Requirements 330

11.6 Performance Enhancements 334

References 349

12 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 353
Antti Toskala, Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Preben Mogensen, Klaus Pedersen and Jussi Reunanen

12.1 Introduction 353

12.2 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 353

12.3 The HSDPA Concept 354

12.4 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 356

12.5 Release 4 HSDPA Feasibility Study Phase 357

12.6 HSDPA Physical Layer Structure 357

12.7 HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates 365

12.8 Mobility with HSDPA 366

12.9 HSDPA Performance 370

12.10 HSPA Link Budget 380

12.11 HSDPA Iub Dimensioning 382

12.12 HSPA Round Trip Time 384

12.13 Terminal Receiver Aspects 384

12.14 Evolution in Release 6 386

12.15 Conclusion 388

References 388

13 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 391
Antti Toskala, Harri Holma and Karri Ranta-aho

13.1 Introduction 391

13.2 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities 391

13.3 The HSUPA Concept 392

13.4 HSUPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture 393

13.5 HSUPA Feasibility Study Phase 395

13.6 HSUPA Physical Layer Structure 395

13.7 E-DCH and Related Control Channels 396

13.8 HSUPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure 400

13.9 HSUPA Terminal Capability 402

13.10 HSUPA Performance 403

13.11 Conclusion 408

References 408

14 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) 409
Harri Holma, Martin Kristensson and Jorma Kaikkonen

14.1 Introduction 409

14.2 MBMS Impact on Network Architecture 412

14.3 High Level MBMS Procedures 414

14.4 MBMS Radio Interface Channel Structure 415

14.5 MBMS Terminal Capability 418

14.6 MBMS Performance 419

14.7 MBMS Deployment and Use Cases 424

14.8 Benchmarking of MBMS with DVB-H 425

14.9 3GPP MBMS Evolution in Release 7 426

14.10 Why Did MBMS Fail? 426

14.11 Integrated Mobile Broadcast (IMB) in Release 8 427

14.12 Conclusion 428

References 429

15 HSPA Evolution 431
Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala

15.1 Introduction 431

15.2 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 431

15.3 Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA 433

15.4 Enhanced FACH and Enhanced RACH 437

15.5 Latency 439

15.6 Fast Dormancy 441

15.7 Downlink 64QAM 442

15.8 Downlink MIMO 444

15.9 Transmit Diversity (TxAA) 447

15.10 Uplink 16QAM 448

15.11 UE Categories 449

15.12 Layer 2 Optimization 450

15.13 Architecture Evolution 451

15.14 Conclusion 452

References 453

16 HSPA Multicarrier Evolution 455
Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala

16.1 Introduction 455

16.2 Dual Cell HSDPA in Release 8 459

16.3 Dual Cell HSUPA in Release 9 461

16.4 Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO in Release 9 462

16.5 Dual Band HSDPA in Release 9 463

16.6 Three and Four Carrier HSDPA in Release 10 464

16.7 UE Categories 465

16.8 Conclusion 465

References 466

17 UTRAN Long-Term Evolution 467
Antti Toskala and Harri Holma

17.1 Introduction 467

17.2 Multiple Access and Architecture Decisions 468

17.3 LTE Impact on Network Architecture 470

17.4 LTE Multiple Access 471

17.5 LTE Physical Layer Design and Parameters 476

17.6 LTE Physical Layer Procedures 479

17.7 LTE Protocols 483

17.8 Performance 487

17.9 LTE Device Categories 492

17.10 LTE-Advanced Outlook 492

17.11 Conclusion 494

References 494

18 TD-SCDMA 495
Antti Toskala and Harri Holma

18.1 Introduction 495

18.2 Differences in the Network-Level Architecture 497

18.3 TD-SCDMA Physical Layer 497

18.4 TD-SCDMA Data Rates 504

18.5 TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Procedures 505

18.6 TD-SCDMA Interference and Co-existence Considerations 508

18.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook on TD-SCDMA 512

References 512

19 Home Node B and Femtocells 515
Troels Kolding, Hanns-Jürgen Schwarzbauer, Johanna Pekonen, Karol Drazynski, Jacek Gora, Maciej Pakulski, Patryk Pisowacki, Harri Holma and Antti Toskala

19.1 Introduction 515

19.2 Home Node B Specification Work 517

19.3 Technical Challenges of Uncoordinated Mass Deployment 518

19.4 Home Node B Architecture 519

19.5 Closed Subscriber Group 523

19.6 Home Node B-Related Mobility 524

19.7 Home Node B Deployment and Interference Mitigation 529

19.8 Home Node B Evolution 545

19.9 Conclusion 545

References 546

20 Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 547
Laurent Noël, Dominique Brunel, Antti Toskala and Harri Holma

20.1 Introduction 547

20.2 Transmitter Chain System Design Challenges 549

20.3 Receiver Chain Design Challenges 555

20.4 Improving Talk-Time with DTX/DRX 567

20.5 Multi-Mode/Band Challenges 582

20.6 Conclusion 590

References 590

Index 593