Advanced Biomedical Image Analysis

Preface ix

1 Image Analysis: A Perspective 1

1.1 Main Biomedical Imaging Modalities 3

1.2 Biomedical Image Analysis 7

1.3 Current Trends in Biomedical Imaging 12

1.4 About This Book 15

References 17

2 Survey of Fundamental Image Processing Operators 23

2.1 Statistical Image Description 24

2.2 Brightness and Contrast Manipulation 28

2.3 Image Enhancement and Restoration 29

2.4 Intensity-Based Segmentation (Thresholding) 42

2.5 Multidimensional Thresholding 50

2.6 Image Calculations 54

2.7 Binary Image Processing 58

2.8 Biomedical Examples 63

References 68

3 Image Processing in the Frequency Domain 70

3.1 The Fourier Transform 71

3.2 Fourier-Based Filtering 82

3.3 Other Integral Transforms: The Discrete Cosine Transform and the Hartley Transform 91

3.4 Biomedical Examples 94

References 100

4 The Wavelet Transform and Wavelet-Based Filtering 103

4.1 One-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform 106

4.2 Two-Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform 112

4.3 Wavelet-Based Filtering 116

4.4 Comparison of Frequency-Domain Analysis to Wavelet Analysis 128

4.5 Biomedical Examples 130

References 135

5 Adaptive Filtering 138

5.1 Adaptive Noise Reduction 139

5.2 Adaptive Filters in the Frequency Domain: Adaptive Wiener Filters 155

5.3 Segmentation with Local Adaptive Thresholds and Related Methods 157

5.4 Biomedical Examples 164

References 170

6 Deformable Models and Active Contours 173

6.1 Two-Dimensional Active Contours (Snakes) 180

6.2 Three-Dimensional Active Contours 193

6.3 Live-Wire Techniques 197

6.4 Biomedical Examples 205

References 209

7 The Hough Transform 211

7.1 Detecting Lines and Edges with the Hough Transform 213

7.2 Detection of Circles and Ellipses with the Hough Transform 219

7.3 Generalized Hough Transform 223

7.4 Randomized Hough Transform 226

7.5 Biomedical Examples 231

References 234

8 Texture Analysis 236

8.1 Statistical Texture Classification 238

8.2 Texture Classification with Local Neighborhood Methods 242

8.3 Frequency-Domain Methods for Texture Classification 254

8.4 Run Lengths 257

8.5 Other Classification Methods 263

8.6 Biomedical Examples 265

References 273

9 Shape Analysis 276

9.1 Cluster Labeling 278

9.2 Spatial-Domain Shape Metrics 279

9.3 Statistical Moment Invariants 285

9.4 Chain Codes 287

9.5 Fourier Descriptors 291

9.6 Topological Analysis 295

9.7 Biomedical Examples 301

References 307

10 Fractal Approaches to Image Analysis 310

10.1 Self-Similarity and the Fractal Dimension 311

10.2 Estimation Techniques for the Fractal Dimension in Binary Images 319

10.3 Estimation Techniques for the Fractal Dimension in Gray-Scale Images 327

10.4 Fractal Dimension in the Frequency Domain 331

10.5 Local Hölder Exponent 337

10.6 Biomedical Examples 340

References 345

11 Image Registration 350

11.1 Linear Spatial Transformations 352

11.2 Nonlinear Transformations 355

11.3 Registration Quality Metrics 360

11.4 Interpolation Methods for Image Registration 371

11.5 Biomedical Examples 379

References 382

12 Image Storage Transport and Compression 386

12.1 Image Archiving DICOM and PACS 389

12.2 Lossless Image Compression 392

12.3 Lossy Image Compression 400

12.4 Biomedical Examples 408

References 411

13 Image Visualization 413

13.1 Gray-Scale Image Visualization 413

13.2 Color Representation of Gray-Scale Images 416

13.3 Contour Lines 422

13.4 Surface Rendering 422

13.5 Volume Visualization 427

13.6 Interactive Three-Dimensional Rendering and Animation 433

13.7 Biomedical Examples 434

References 438

14 Image Analysis and Visualization Software 441

14.1 Image Processing Software: An Overview 443

14.2 ImageJ 447

14.3 Examples of Image Processing Programs 452

14.4 Crystal Image 456

14.5 OpenDX 461

14.6 Wavelet-Related Software 466

14.7 Algorithm Implementation 466

References 473

Appendix A: Image Analysis with Crystal Image 475

Appendix B: Software on DVD 497

Index 499