Tracers in Hydrology

Acknowledgements.

1 Introduction.

2 The Integrated Concept of Tracers in Hydrology.

2.1 System approach.

2.2 Definition of tracers.

2.3 Modelling in the context of integrated tracerhydrology.

2.4 Fields of application.

3 Environmental Tracers.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Stable isotopes of water.

3.3 Stable isotopes in soil.

3.4 Stable isotopes in surface and groundwater.

3.5 The use of environmental isotopes for hydrological system analysis.

3.6 Nitrogen isotopes and origin assignment.

3.7 Age dating.

4 Artificial Tracers.

4.1 Fluorescent tracers.

4.2 Salt tracers.

4.3 Drifting particles as tracers.

4.4 Radioactive tracers.

4.5 Other tracers.

5 Mathematical Modelling of Experimental Data.

5.1 Artificial tracer (ideal) under saturated flow conditions.

5.2 Tracer experiments under unsaturated flow conditions.

5.3 Tracer experiments in streams and rivers.

5.4 Environmental tracer data.

5.5 The goodness-of-fit of a model.

6 Technical Instructions.

6.1 Planning and execution of a tracer study.

6.2 Estimation of tracer injection mass.

6.3 Gauging discharge.

6.4 Chloride method for groundwater recharge estimation.

6.5 Hydrograph separation using the end member mixing analysis (EMMA).

7 Case Studies.

7.1 Groundwater.

7.2 Case studies in the unsaturated zone and in soils.

7.3 Surface water.

7.4 Glaciers.

7.5 Catchment scale.

Colour Plate Section.

References.

Index.