High Efficiency RF and Microwave Solid State Power Amplifiers

About the Authors.

Acknowledgments.

1 Power Amplifier Fundamentals.

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Definition of Power Amplifier Parameters.

1.3 Distortion Parameters.

1.4 Power Match Condition.

1.5 Class of Operation.

1.6 Overview of Semiconductors for PAs.

1.7 Devices for PA.

1.8 Appendix: Demonstration of Useful Relationships.

1.9 References.

2 Power Amplifier Design.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Design Flow.

2.3 Simplified Approaches.

2.4 The Tuned Load Amplifier.

2.5 Sample Design of a Tuned Load PA.

2.6 References.

3 Nonlinear Analysis for Power Amplifiers.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Linear vs. Nonlinear Circuits.

3.3 Time Domain Integration.

3.4 Example.

3.5 Solution by Series Expansion.

3.6 The Volterra Series.

3.7 The Fourier Series.

3.8 The Harmonic Balance.

3.9 Envelope Analysis.

3.10 Spectral Balance.

3.11 Large Signal Stability Issue.

3.12 References.

4 Load Pull.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Passive Source/Load Pull Measurement Systems.

4.3 Active Source/Load Pull Measurement Systems.

4.4 Measurement Test-sets.

4.5 Advanced Load Pull Measurements.

4.6 Source/Load Pull Characterization.

4.7 Determination of Optimum Load Condition.

4.8 Appendix: Construction of Simplified Load Pull Contours through Linear Simulations.

4.9 References.

5 High Efficiency PA Design Theory.

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Power Balance in a PA.

5.3 Ideal Approaches.

5.4 High Frequency Harmonic Tuning Approaches.

5.5 High Frequency Third Harmonic Tuned (Class F).

5.6 High Frequency Second Harmonic Tuned.

5.7 High Frequency Second and Third Harmonic Tuned.

5.8 Design by Harmonic Tuning.

5.9 Final Remarks.

5.10 References.

6 Switched Amplifiers.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 The Ideal Class E Amplifier.

6.3 Class E Behavioural Analysis.

6.4 Low Frequency Class E Amplifier Design.

6.5 Class E Amplifier Design with 50% Duty-cycle.

6.6 Examples of High Frequency Class E Amplifiers.

6.7 Class E vs. Harmonic Tuned.

6.8 Class E Final Remarks.

6.9 Appendix: Demonstration of Useful Relationships.

6.10 References.

7 High Frequency Class F Power Amplifiers.

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Class F Description Based on Voltage Wave-shaping.

7.3 High Frequency Class F Amplifiers.

7.4 Bias Level Selection.

7.5 Class F Output Matching Network Design.

7.6 Class F Design Examples.

7.7 References.

8 High Frequency Harmonic Tuned Power Amplifiers.

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Theory of Harmonic Tuned PA Design.

8.3 Input Device Nonlinear Phenomena: Theoretical Analysis.

8.4 Input Device Nonlinear Phenomena: Experimental Results.

8.5 Output Device Nonlinear Phenomena.

8.6 Design of a Second HT Power Amplifier.

8.7 Design of a Second and Third HT Power Amplifier.

8.8 Example of 2nd HT GaN PA.

8.9 Final Remarks.

8.10 References.

9 High Linearity in Efficient Power Amplifiers.

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Systems Classification.

9.3 Linearity Issue.

9.4 Bias Point Influence on IMD.

9.5 Harmonic Loading Effects on IMD.

9.6 Appendix: Volterra Analysis Example.

9.7 References.

10 Power Combining.

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Device Scaling Properties.

10.3 Power Budget.

10.4 Power Combiner Classification.

10.5 The T-junction Power Divider.

10.6 Wilkinson Combiner.

10.7 The Quadrature (90◦) Hybrid.

10.8 The 180◦ Hybrid (Ring Coupler or Rat-race).

10.9 Bus-bar Combiner.

10.10 Other Planar Combiners.

10.11 Corporate Combiners.

10.12 Resonating Planar Combiners.

10.13 Graceful Degradation.

10.14 Matching Properties of Combined PAs.

10.15 Unbalance Issue in Hybrid Combiners.

10.16 Appendix: Basic Properties of Three-port Networks.

10.17 References.

11 The Doherty Power Amplifier.

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Doherty’s Idea.

11.3 The Classical Doherty Configuration.

11.4 The ‘AB-C’ Doherty Amplifier Analysis.

11.5 Power Splitter Sizing.

11.6 Evaluation of the Gain in a Doherty Amplifier.

11.7 Design Example.

11.8 Advanced Solutions.

11.9 References.

Index.