Advanced Internet Protocols, Services, and Applications

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xv

About the Authors xvii

1 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Overview 1

1.1 Fundamental Architecture / 1

1.2 Internet Protocol Basics / 4

1.2.1 Packet Header / 5

1.2.2 Internet Protocol Address / 7

1.2.3 Internet Protocol Classification / 7

1.2.4 Subnet and its Masking / 9

1.2.5 Subnet Calculation / 11

1.3 Routing / 13

1.3.1 Routing across Providers / 14

1.3.2 Routing within Edge Networks / 15

1.3.3 Routing Scalability / 16

References / 18

2 Transport-Layer Protocols 19

2.1 Transmission Control Protocol / 19

2.1.1 Transmission Control Protocol Header Structure / 19

2.1.2 Three-Way Handshake / 20

2.1.3 Transmission Control Protocol Flow Control and Congestion Control / 21

2.1.4 Port Number / 24

2.2 User Datagram Protocol / 25

2.2.1 User Datagram Protocol Header Structure / 25

2.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol / 26

2.3.1 Stream Control Transmission Protocol Packet Structure / 26

2.3.2 Security: Prevention of SYN Attacks / 27

2.4 Real-Time Transport Protocol / 29

2.4.1 Real-Time Transport Protocol Header Structure / 29

References / 30

3 Internet Architecture 31

3.1 Internet Exchange Point / 31

3.2 History of Internet Exchange Points / 33

3.3 Internet Service Provider Interconnection Relationships / 34

3.4 Peering and Transit / 35

References / 37

4 IP Routing Protocols 39

4.1 Overview of Routing Protocols / 40

4.1.1 Interior Gateway Protocol / 41

4.1.2 Exterior Gateway Protocol / 42

4.2 Routing Information Protocol / 43

4.2.1 Routing Information Protocol Header Format / 43

4.2.2 Update of Routing Table in Routing Information Protocol / 44

4.2.3 Maintenance of Routing Table in Routing Information Protocol / 46

4.2.4 Split Horizon / 47

4.2.5 Limitations of Routing Information Protocol / 47

4.3 Open Shortest Path First / 48

4.3.1 Shortest-Path Algorithm / 48

4.3.2 Hierarchical Routing / 51

4.3.3 Open Shortest Path First Packet Format / 51

4.3.4 Comparison of Routing Information Protocol and Open Shortest Path First / 52

4.4 Border Gateway Protocol / 53

4.4.1 Border Gateway Protocol Message Flows / 53

4.4.2 Border Gateway Protocol Policy Selection Attributes / 54

References / 57

5 Multiprotocol Label Switching 59

5.1 Overview / 59

5.2 Functions and Mechanisms / 63

5.3 Applicabilities / 67

References / 72

6 IP Quality Of Service 75

6.1 Introduction / 75

6.2 Quality of Service in IP Version 4 / 75

6.3 Integrated Services / 77

6.3.1 Packet Scheduler / 77

6.3.2 Packet Classifier / 77

6.3.3 Admission Control / 78

6.3.4 Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) / 79

6.4 Differentiated Services / 81

6.5 Quality Of Service with Nested Differentiated Services Levels / 82

6.5.1 Drawbacks of Explicit Endpoint Admission Control with Path Selection / 84

6.5.2 OSPF-Based Adaptive and Flexible Quality of Service Provisioning / 85

6.5.3 Combination of Security and Quality of Service / 86

6.5.4 Path Selection Algorithm Analysis / 87

References / 90

7 IP Multicast and Anycast 93

7.1 Addressing / 93

7.1.1 Multicast Addressing / 93

7.1.2 Differences between Multicasting and Multiple Unicasting / 95

7.2 Multicast Routing / 96

7.2.1 Optimal Routing: Shortest-Path Trees / 96

7.2.2 Unicast Routing / 96

7.2.3 Multicast Routing / 96

7.3 Routing Protocols / 97

7.3.1 Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) / 98

7.3.2 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol / 99

7.3.3 Core-Based Tree (CBT) Protocol / 100

7.3.4 Protocol-Independent Multicast / 101

7.3.5 Simple Multicast Routing Protocol / 101

7.4 Anycasting / 102

7.4.1 Architectural Issues / 103

7.4.2 Anycast Addresses / 103

7.4.3 Differences between the Services Offered by IP Multicasting and IP Anycasting / 104

7.5 IPv6 Anycast Routing Protocol: Protocol-Independent Anycast—Sparse Mode / 105

References / 106

8 Layer-2 Transport over Packet 109

8.1 Draft-Martini Signaling and Encapsulation / 109

8.1.1 Functionality / 110

8.1.2 Encapsulation / 110

8.1.3 Protocol-Specific Encapsulation / 111

8.2 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol / 114

8.2.1 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3 / 115

8.2.2 Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge / 118

References / 121

9 Virtual Private Wired Service 123

9.1 Types of Private Wire Services / 123

9.1.1 Layer-2 Virtual Private Services: Wide Area Networks and Local Area Networks / 124

9.1.2 Virtual Private Wire Service / 126

9.1.3 Virtual Private Multicast Service / 127

9.1.4 IP-Only Layer-2 Virtual Private Network / 128

9.1.5 Internet Protocol Security / 129

9.2 Generic Routing Encapsulation / 130

9.3 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol / 131

9.4 Layer-3 Virtual Private Network 2547bis, Virtual Router / 131

9.4.1 Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol / 133

References / 136

10 IP and Optical Networking 137

10.1 IP/Optical Network Evolution / 138

10.1.1 Where Networking Is Today / 138

10.1.2 Where Networking Is Going / 139

10.2 Challenges in Legacy Traditional IP/Optical Networks / 140

10.2.1 Proprietary Network Management Systems / 140

10.2.2 Complexity of Provisioning in Legacy IP/Optical Networks / 141

10.3 Automated Provisioning in IP/Optical Networks / 142

10.4 Control Plane Models for IP/Optical Networking / 144

10.4.1 Optical Internetworking Forum’s Optical User Network Interface: Overlay Model / 145

10.4.2 Internet EngineeringTask Force’s Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching: Peer Model / 145

10.5 Next-Generation MultiLayer Network Design Requirements / 147

10.6 Benefits and Challenges in IP/Optical Networking / 148

References / 149

11 IP Version 6 151

11.1 Addresses in IP Version 6 / 152

11.1.1 Unicast IP Addresses / 152

11.1.2 Multicast IP Addresses / 153

11.2 IP Packet Headers / 154

11.3 IP Address Resolution / 155

11.4 IP Version 6 Deployment: Drivers and Impediments / 156

11.4.1 Need for Backwards Compatibility / 157

11.4.2 Initial Deployment Drivers / 158

11.4.3 Reaching a Critical Mass / 160

References / 161

12 IP Traffic Engineering 163

12.1 Models of Traffic Demands / 163

12.2 Optimal Routing with Multiprotocol Label Switching / 165

12.2.1 Overview / 165

12.2.2 Applicability of Optimal Routing / 165

12.2.3 Network Model / 166

12.2.4 Optimal Routing Formulations with Three Models / 166

12.3 Link-Weight Optimization with Open Shortest Path First / 169

12.3.1 Overview / 169

12.3.2 Examples of Routing Control with Link Weights / 170

12.3.3 Link-Weight Setting Against Network Failure / 172

12.4 Extended Shortest-Path-Based Routing Schemes / 173

12.4.1 Smart–Open Shortest Path First / 174

12.4.2 Two-Phase Routing / 174

12.4.3 Fine Two-Phase Routing / 176

12.4.4 Features of Routing Schemes / 177

References / 177

13 IP Network Security 181

13.1 Introduction / 181

13.2 Detection of Denial-of-Service Attack / 182

13.2.1 Backscatter Analysis / 182

13.2.2 Multilevel Tree or Online Packet Statistics / 184

13.3 IP Traceback / 187

13.3.1 IP Traceback Solutions / 189

13.4 Edge Sampling Scheme / 189

13.5 Advanced Marking Scheme / 193

References / 196

14 Mobility Support for IP 197

14.1 Mobility Management Approaches / 199

14.1.1 Host Routes / 200

14.1.2 Tunneling / 201

14.1.3 Route Optimization / 203

14.2 Security Threats Related to IP Mobility / 205

14.2.1 Impersonation / 205

14.2.2 Redirection-Based Flooding / 208

14.2.3 Possible Solutions / 210

14.3 Mobility Support in IPv6 / 213

14.4 Reactive Versus Proactive Mobility Support / 218

14.5 Relation to Multihoming / 219

14.6 Protocols Supplementing Mobility / 220

14.6.1 Router and Subnet Prefix Discovery / 220

14.6.2 Movement Detection / 221

14.6.3 IP Address Configuration / 222

14.6.4 Neighbor Unreachability Detection / 223

14.6.5 Internet Control Message Protocol for IP Version 6 / 224

14.6.6 Optimizations / 224

14.6.7 Media-Independent Handover Services / 227

References / 231

Index 235