Mass Spectrometry in Sports Drug Testing: Characterization of Prohibited Substances and Doping Control Analytical Assays

Acknowledgments.

1 History of Sports Drug Testing.

1.1 Historical Attempts of Artificial Performance Enhancement.

1.2 Background and Rationale of Doping Controls.

1.3 Early Detection Methods: Possibilities and Limitations of Assays Without Mass Spectrometry.

1.4 Introduction of Mass Spectrometry to Doping Control Analysis.

References.

2. Mass Spectrometry and the List of Prohibited Substances and Methods of Doping.

2.1 Criteria for the Mass Spectrometric Identification of Prohibited Compounds.

2.2 Modern Mass Spectrometers in Doping Controls: Advantages and Disadvantages of Available Techniques.

References.

3. Structure Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Target Analytes —Electron Ionization.

3.1 Stimulants.

3.2 Narcotics.

3.3 Anabolic Androgenic Steroids.

3.4 Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs).

3.5 Diuretics.

3.6 β₂-Agonists.

3.7 β-Receptor Blocking Agents.

3.8 Calcium-Channel Modulators (RYCALS).

3.9 Carbohydrate-Based Agents.

References.

4. Structure Characterization of Low Molecular Weight Target Analytes: Electrospray Ionization.

4.1 Stimulants.

4.2 Narcotics.

4.3 Anabolic Androgenic Steroids.

4.4 Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs).

4.5 Diuretics.

4.6 β₂-Agonists.

4.7 Calcium-Channel Modulators (RYCALS).

4.8 Peroxisome-Proliferator Activated Receptor-δ (PPARδ) And Adenosine Monophosphate Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Agonists.

4.9 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-Stabilizers And Sirtuin Activators.

4.10 β-Receptor Blocking Agents.

4.11 Glucuronic Acid and Sulfate Conjugates of Target Analytes.

References.

5. Structure Characterization of High Molecular Weight Target Analytes: Electrospray Ionization.

5.1 Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG).

5.2 Erythropoietins (EPO).

5.3 Synacthen.

5.4 Insulins.

5.5 Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOCs).

5.6 Human Growth Hormone (hGH).

5.7 Sermorelin (Geref).

5.8 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1).

5.9 Gonadorelin (LHRH).

References.

6. Modern Mass Spectrometry-Based Analytical Assays.

6.1 GC-MS and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry.

6.2 LC-MS/MS.

References.

7. Limitations and Perspectives of Mass Spectrometry-Based Procedures in Doping Control Analysis.

7.1 Recombinant Biomolecules.

7.2 Unknown Compounds.

7.3 Profiling of Urine and/or Blood.

7.4 Alternative Specimens.

References.

Index.