Finance: Capital Markets, Financial Management, and Investment Management

Preface xiii

About the Authors xv

Part One Background 1

Chapter 1 What is Finance? 3

Capital Markets and Capital Market Theory 4

Financial Management 5

Investment Management 7

Summary 8

Chapter 2 Mathematics of Finance 11

The Importance of the Time Value of Money 11

Determining the Future Value 13

Determining the Present Value 20

Determining the Unknown Interest Rate 22

Determining the Number of Compounding Periods 23

The Time Value of a Series of Cash Flows 24

Valuing Cash Flows with Different Time Patterns 34

Loan Amortization 40

The Calculation of Interest Rates and Yields 46

Principles of Valuation 51

Summary 55

Chapter 3 Basics of Financial Analysis 57

Financial Ratio Analysis 58

Cash Flow Analysis 87

Usefulness of Cash Flows in Financial Analysis 99

Summary 105

Part Two Capital Markets and Capital Market Theory 109

Chapter 4 The Financial System 111

Financial Assets/Financial Instruments 111

Financial Markets 113

Financial Intermediaries 114

Regulators of Financial Actitivies 118

Classification of Financial Markets 122

Market Participants 131

Summary 150

References 154

Chapter 5 Interest Rate Determination and the Structure of Interest Rates 155

Theories About Interest Rate Determination 155

The Federal Reserve System and the Determination of Interest Rates 157

The Structure of Interest Rates 163

Term Structure of Interest Rates 168

Summary 178

References 179

Chapter 6 Basics of Derivatives 181

Futures and Forward Contracts 181

Options 194

Swaps 206

Cap and Floor Agreements 209

Summary 211

Appendix: Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model 212

References 219

Chapter 7 Asset Valuation: Basic Bond and Stock Valuation Models 221

Valuing Bonds 221

Valuation of Common Stock Using Dividend Discount Models 235

Summary 246

Appendix: Valuing Convertible Bonds 247

References 252

Chapter 8 Asset Valuation: The Theory of Asset Pricing 255

Characteristics of an Asset Pricing Model 255

Capital Asset Pricing Model 256

Arbitrage Pricing Theory Model 270

Summary 279

References 281

Part Three Financial Management 283

Chapter 9 Financial Management 285

Forms of Business Enterprise 286

The Objective of Financial Management 291

The Agency Relationship 296

Dividend and Dividend Policies 302

Special Considerations in International Financial Management 314

Summary 322

References 325

Chapter 10 Financial Strategy and Financial Planning 327

Strategy and Value 328

Financial Planning and Budgeting 331

Importance of Financial Planning 332

Budgeting Process 332

Sales Forecasting 334

Seasonal Considerations 337

Budgeting 338

Pro Forma Financial Statements 346

Long-Term Financial Planning 352

Financial Modeling 355

Performance Evaluation 362

Strategy and Value Creation 369

Summary 372

References 373

Chapter 11 The Corporate Financing Decision 375

Debt vs. Equity 375

The concept of leverage 378

Capital Structure and Financial Leverage 381

Financial Leverage and Risk 384

Capital Structure and Taxes 388

Capital Structure and Financial Distress 393

The Cost of Capital 397

The Agency Relationship and Capital Structure 399

Optimal Capital Structure: Theory and Practice 400

A Capital Structure Prescription 403

Summary 404

Appendix: Capital structure: Lessons from Modigliani and Miller 405

References 415

Chapter 12 Financial Engineering, Asset Securitization, and Project Financing 417

Creation of Structured Notes 419

Asset Securitization 427

Project Financing 438

Summary 446

References 448

Chapter 13 Capital Budgeting: Process and Cash Flow Estimation 449

Investment Decisions and Owners’ Wealth Maximization 450

Capital Budgeting Process 452

Classifying Investment Projects 454

Estimating Cash Flows of Capital Budgeting Projects 458

Summary 477

References 477

Chapter 14 Capital Budgeting Techniques 479

Evaluation Techniques 479

Net Present Value 481

Profitability Index 485

Internal Rate of Return 487

Modified Internal Rate of Return 491

Payback Period 495

Discounted Payback Period 496

Issues in Capital Budgeting 497

Comparing Techniques 500

Capital Budgeting Techniques in Practice 503

Capital Budgeting and the Justification of New Technology 504

Incorporating Risk into Capital Budgeting Analysis 506

Summary 523

References 524

Chapter 15 Managing Current Assets 525

Management of Cash and Marketable Securities 526

Cash Management 527

Marketable Securities 533

Management of Accounts Receivable 534

Inventory Management 545

Summary 553

References 554

Chapter 16 Financial Risk Management 555

Risk Defined 555

Enterprise Risk Management 558

Managing Risks 563

Risk Transfer 565

Summary 572

References 574

Part Four Investment Management 575

Chapter 17 The Basic Principles of Investment Management 577

The Investment Management Process 577

The Theory of Portfolio Selection 582

Tracking Error 604

Measuring and Evaluating Performance 607

Summary 622

References 624

Chapter 18 Equity Portfolio Management 625

Stock Market Indicators 625

Top-Down vs. Bottom-up Approaches 629

Fundamental vs. Technical Analysis 629

Popular Stock Market Strategies 631

Passive Strategies 643

Equity-Style Management 643

Types of Stock Market Structures 646

The U.S. Stock Markets: Exchanges and OTC Markets 649

Trading Mechanics 656

Summary 664

References 665

Chapter 19 Bond Portfolio Management 669

Sectors of the Bond Market 669

Features of Bonds 679

Yield Measures 686

Risks Associated with Investing in Bonds 693

Measuring Interest Rate Risk 702

Bond Indexes 710

Active Bond Portfolio Strategies 711

Passive Bond Portfolio Strategies 716

Summary 719

References 720

Chapter 20 Use of Stock Index Futures and Treasury Futures Contracts in

Portfolio Management 721

Using Stock Index Futures in Equity Portfolio Management 722

Using Treasury Bond and Note Futures Contracts in Bond Portfolio Management 736

Using Stock Index Futures and Treasury Bond Futures to Implement an Asset Allocation Decision 744

Summary 746

References 746

Chapter 21 Use of Options in Portfolio Management 747

Using Stock Options and Index Options in Equity Portfolio Management 747

Using Interest Rate Options in Bond Portfolio Management 761

Summary 771

Appendix: Pricing Models on Options on Physicals and Futures Options 771

References 773

Index 775