Software Design for Six Sigma: A Roadmap for Excellence

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xix

1 Software Quality Concepts 1

1.1 What is Quality 1

1.2 Quality, Customer Needs, and Functions 3

1.3 Quality, Time to Market, and Productivity 5

1.4 Quality Standards 6

1.5 Software Quality Assurance and Strategies 6

1.6 Software Quality Cost 9

1.7 Software Quality Measurement 13

1.8 Summary 19

References 20

2 Traditional Software Development Processes 21

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Why Software Developmental Processes? 22

2.3 Software Development Processes 23

2.4 Software Development Processes Classification 46

2.5 Summary 53

References 53

3 Design Process of Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) 56

3.1 Introduction 56

3.2 RTOS Hard versus Soft Real-Time Systems 57

3.3 RTOS Design Features 58

3.4 Task Scheduling: Scheduling Algorithms 66

3.5 Intertask Communication and Resource Sharing 72

3.6 Timers 74

3.7 Conclusion 74

References 75

4 Software Design Methods and Representations 77

4.1 Introduction 77

4.2 History of Software Design Methods 77

4.3 Software Design Methods 79

4.4 Analysis 85

4.5 System-Level Design Approaches 88

4.6 Platform-Based Design 96

4.7 Component-Based Design 98

4.8 Conclusions 99

References 100

5 Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) Software Measurement and Metrics 103

5.1 Introduction 103

5.2 Software Measurement Process 105

5.3 Software Product Metrics 106

5.4 GQM (Goal–Question–Metric) Approach 113

5.5 Software Quality Metrics 115

5.6 Software Development Process Metrics 116

5.7 Software Resource Metrics 117

5.8 Software Metric Plan 119

References 120

6 Statistical Techniques in Software Six Sigma and Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) 122

6.1 Introduction 122

6.2 Common Probability Distributions 124

6.3 Software Statistical Methods 124

6.4 Inferential Statistics 134

6.5 A Note on Normal Distribution and Normality Assumption 142

6.6 Summary 144

References 145

7 Six Sigma Fundamentals 146

7.1 Introduction 146

7.2 Why Six Sigma? 148

7.3 What is Six Sigma? 149

7.4 Introduction to Six Sigma Process Modeling 152

7.5 Introduction to Business Process Management 154

7.6 Six Sigma Measurement Systems Analysis 156

7.7 Process Capability and Six Sigma Process Performance 157

7.8 Overview of Six Sigma Improvement (DMAIC) 161

7.9 DMAIC Six Sigma Tools 163

7.10 Software Six Sigma 165

7.11 Six Sigma Goes Upstream—Design for Six Sigma 168

7.12 Summary 169

References 170

8 Introduction to Software Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) 171

8.1 Introduction 171

8.2 Why Software Design for Six Sigma? 173

8.3 What is Software Design for Six Sigma? 175

8.4 Software DFSS: The ICOV Process 177

8.5 Software DFSS: The ICOV Process in Software Development 179

8.6 DFSS versus DMAIC 180

8.7 A Review of Sample DFSS Tools by ICOV Phase 182

8.8 Other DFSS Approaches 192

8.9 Summary 193

8.A.1 Appendix 8.A (Shenvi, 2008) 194

8.A.2 DIDOVM Phase: Define 194

8.A.3 DIDOVM Phase: Identify 196

8.A.4 DIDOVM Phase: Design 199

8.A.5 DIDOVM Phase: Optimize 203

8.A.6 DIDOVM Phase: Verify 204

8.A.7 DIDOVM Phase: Monitor 204

References 205

9 Software Design for Six Sigma (DFSS): A Practical Guide for Successful Deployment 207

9.1 Introduction 207

9.2 Software Six Sigma Deployment 208

9.3 Software DFSS Deployment Phases 208

9.4 Black Belt and DFSS Team: Cultural Change 234

References 238

10 Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) Team and Team Software Process (TSP) 239

10.1 Introduction 239

10.2 The Personal Software Process (PSP) 240

10.3 The Team Software Process (TSP) 243

10.4 PSP and TSP Deployment Example 245

10.5 The Relation of Six Sigma to CMMI/PSP/TSP for Software 269

References 294

11 Software Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) Project Road Map 295

11.1 Introduction 295

11.2 Software Design for Six Sigma Team 297

11.3 Software Design for Six Sigma Road Map 300

11.4 Summary 310

12 Software Quality Function Deployment 311

12.1 Introduction 311

12.2 History of QFD 313

12.3 QFD Overview 314

12.4 QFD Methodology 314

12.5 HOQ Evaluation 318

12.6 HOQ 1: The Customer’s House 318

12.7 Kano Model 319

12.8 QFD HOQ 2: Translation House 321

12.9 QFD HOQ3—Design House 324

12.10 QFD HOQ4—Process House 324

12.11 Summary 325

References 325

13 Axiomatic Design in Software Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) 327

13.1 Introduction 327

13.2 Axiomatic Design in Product DFSS: An Introduction 328

13.3 Axiom 1 in Software DFSS 338

13.4 Coupling Measures 349

13.5 Axiom 2 in Software DFSS 352

References 354

Bibliography 355

14 Software Design for X 356

14.1 Introduction 356

14.2 Software Reliability and Design for Reliability 357

14.3 Software Availability 379

14.4 Software Design for Testability 380

14.5 Design for Reusability 381

14.6 Design for Maintainability 382

References 386

Appendix References 387

Bibliography 387

15 Software Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) Risk Management Process 388

15.1 Introduction 388

15.2 Planning for Risk Management Activities in Design and Development 393

15.3 Software Risk Assessment Techniques 394

15.4 Risk Evaluation 400

15.5 Risk Control 403

15.6 Postrelease Control 404

15.7 Software Risk Management Roles and Responsibilities 404

15.8 Conclusion 404

References 407

16 Software Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (SFMEA) 409

16.1 Introduction 409

16.2 FMEA: A Historical Sketch 412

16.3 SFMEA Fundamentals 420

16.4 Software Quality Control and Quality Assurance 431

16.5 Summary 434

References 434

17 Software Optimization Techniques 436

17.1 Introduction 436

17.2 Optimization Metrics 437

17.3 Comparing Software Optimization Metrics 442

17.4 Performance Analysis 453

17.5 Synchronization and Deadlock Handling 455

17.6 Performance Optimization 457

17.7 Compiler Optimization Tools 458

17.8 Conclusion 464

References 464

18 Robust Design for Software Development 466

18.1 Introduction 466

18.2 Robust Design Overview 468

18.3 Robust Design Concept #1: Output Classification 471

18.4 Robust Design Concept #2: Quality Loss Function 472

18.5 Robust Design Concept #3: Signal, Noise, and Control Factors 475

18.6 Robustness Concept #4: Signal–to-Noise Ratios 479

18.7 Robustness Concept #5: Orthogonal Arrays 480

18.8 Robustness Concept #6: Parameter Design Analysis 483

18.9 Robust Design Case Study No. 1: Streamlining of Debugging Software Using an Orthogonal Array 485

18.10 Summary 491

18.A.1 ANOVA Steps For Two Factors Completely Randomized Experiment 492

References 496

19 Software Design Verification and Validation 498

19.1 Introduction 498

19.2 The State of V&V Tools for Software DFSS Process 500

19.3 Integrating Design Process with Validation/Verification Process 502

19.4 Validation and Verification Methods 504

19.5 Basic Functional Verification Strategy 515

19.6 Comparison of Commercially Available Verification and Validation Tools 517

19.7 Software Testing Strategies 520

19.8 Software Design Standards 523

19.9 Conclusion 525

References 525

Index 527