Air Pollution Control Equipment Calculations

PREFACE xi

INTRODUCTION 1

1 AIR POLLUTION HISTORY 9

2 AIR POLLUTION REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 15

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 The Regulatory System 16

2.3 Laws and Regulations: The Differences 17

2.4 The Clean Air Act 19

2.5 Provisions Relating to Enforcement 25

2.6 Closing Comments and Recent Developments 26

3 FUNDAMENTALS: GASES 27

3.1 Introduction 27

3.2 Measurement Fundamentals 27

3.3 Chemical and Physical Properties 29

3.4 Ideal Gas Law 37

3.5 Phase Equilibrium 41

3.6 Conservation Laws 42

Problems 44

4 INCINERATORS 69

4.1 Introduction 69

4.2 Design and Performance Equations 79

4.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance 84

Problems 86

5 ABSORBERS 127

5.1 Introduction 127

5.2 Design and Performance Equations 131

5.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance 142

Problems 143

6 ADSORBERS 185

6.1 Introduction 185

6.2 Design and Performance Equations 194

6.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance 201

Problems 202

7 FUNDAMENTALS: PARTICULATES 247

7.1 Introduction 247

7.2 Particle Collection Mechanisms 249

7.3 Fluid–Particle Dynamics 252

7.4 Particle Sizing and Measurement Methods 260

7.5 Particle Size Distribution 262

7.6 Collection Efficiency 267

Problems 271

8 GRAVITY SETTLING CHAMBERS 315

8.1 Introduction 315

8.2 Design and Performance Equations 319

8.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance 324

Problems 325

9 CYCLONES 361

9.1 Introduction 361

9.2 Design and Performance Equations 367

9.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance 374

Problems 376

10 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS 399

10.1 Introduction 399

10.2 Design and Performance Equations 406

10.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance 410

Problems 415

11 VENTURI SCRUBBERS 451

11.1 Introduction 451

11.2 Design and Performance Equations 455

11.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance 459

Problems 462

12 BAGHOUSES 503

12.1 Introduction 503

12.2 Design and Performance Equations 506

12.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance 511

Problems 514

APPENDIX A HYBRID SYSTEMS 549

A.1 Introduction 549

A.2 Wet Electrostatic Precipitators 550

A.3 Ionizing Wet Scrubbers 550

A.4 Dry Scrubbers 551

A.5 Electrostatically Augmented Fabric Filtration 552

APPENDIX B SI UNITS 555

B.1 The Metric System 555

B.2 The SI System 557

B.3 SI Multiples and Prefixes 557

B.4 Conversion Constants (SI) 558

APPENDIX C EQUIPMENT COST MODEL 563

INDEX 567